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Consciousness
Our ongoing awareness of our thoughts and feelings
Stroop Task
Challenge where people must differentiate between the words and colors shown.
Freud's idea of Consciousness
In the spotlight of awareness
Freud's idea of Preconsciousness
Can be easily brought into awareness
Freud's idea of Unconsciousness
Banned from awareness.Surpressed.
Subliminal Priming
Activating thoughts or feelings without conscious awareness
Bargh
People who were subliminally primed with thoughts about elderly people during class walked slower out of the room than those who weren't.
Function of Subliminal Mind
Our brains have more to do than CNS mind can handle -->Subliminal mind picks up slack
Altered states of Consciousness
->Sleeping ->Dreams ->Hypnosis ->Meditation  ->Drugs and Alcohol
Falling asleep
Thoughts become hazy, muscles relax
Stage One Sleep
->Hypogenic sleep ->Feel a gentle falling or floating  ->5-10 minutes  ->Easy to awaken
Stage 2 Sleep
->Minor noises won't wake you, but still relatively easy to awaken ->20 minutes
Stages 3 &4 Sleep
->Breathing and pulse slow ->Hard to awaken ->Deep sleep ->Slow Wave sleep
Stage 5 Sleep
->REM sleep ->Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption  ->Muscle Paralysis ->Dreaming ->Heightened cerebral activity  ->20-40 minutes
Restoration Function
Recover from work done when animal was awake
Lack of REM Sleep
Anxious and irritable
Psychosis
Long term sleep deprivation
Sleep as Adaptive
->Save energy at night when can't get food ->Not sleeping a lot if "hunted"
Sleep Apnea
Not enough oxygen during sleep
Narcolepsy
Not enough distinguishing between awake and asleep states
REM Behavior Disorder
No muscle paralysis during REM
64%
Percent of dreams associated with sadness, fear, or aggression
18%
Percent of dreams which are happy or exciting
28%
Percent of dreams which are in color
Freud's Interpretation of Dreams
He believed dreams expressed wishes, often disguised
Manifest Content
Conscious dream content that is remembered after awakening
Latent Content
The unconscious, uncensored meaning of a dream
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
During REM sleep there are random bursts of nerve cell activity, dreams are the way the mind makes sense of those bursts
Epiphenomenal Memory Theory
->Right brain encodes the days memories during REM sleep ->Left brain (language center) tries to make sense of what the right brain is doing
Karni's Experiment
->Participants learned a new skill  1/3 let sleep a full night  1/3 interrupted REM sleep (very poor memory) 1/3 interrupted SWS
Psychoactive drug
A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods, or behaviors
Physical Dependence
A physiological addiction in which more of the drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal
Psychological Dependence
A condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well being or relief from negative emotions
Psychedelic drugs
Drugs which disrupt normal thought processes
Narcotics
Drugs which relieve pain and cause euphoria
Long term alcohol effects
->Liver Damage ->Brain damage ->fetal damage
Hallucinogens
LSP, PCP, Mescaline, and marijuana
Learning
A change in knowlege that results from experience
Types of Learning
->Classical conditionng ->Operant Conditioning ->Observational learning
Pavlov's Apparatus
Teaching a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell ->Classical conditioning
Generalization
When the classically conditioned reaction occurs to a similar stimuli
Acquisition
Formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
Elimination of a learned response by removal of unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
Prepared Classical Conditioning
Organisms seem predisposed to make certain associations (Nausea creates taste aversions)
Operant Conditioning
Learning associations between actions and consequences  Behavior--->Followed by:Reinforcement----Increased chances of --^
Positive Reinforcement
Adds good things
Negative Reinforcement
Taking bad things away
Shaping
Rewarding successively closer approximations of a desired behavior, useful for teaching new behaviors
Continuous reinforcement
Reward after every response
Random Reinforcement
only sometimes rewarded
Fixed ration reinforcement
Reward after a set number of responses (Frequent shopper)
Variable ratio reinforcement
Reward after a varying number of responses
Fixed Interval reinforcement
Reward after a specific time interval
Variable interval reinforcement
Reward after a variable time interval
Retrieval
Puts information from LTM into STM
Icon
Visual sensory memory
Echo
Auditory sensory memory
STM
7 plus or minus 2 chunks (Meaningful units)
Procedural Memory
Memory for motor skills learned through practice
Declarative Memory
Memory for facts and personal experiences
Environmental Context
Becomes encoded with the material being remembered
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
inhibits hunger when blood sugar is high
The lateral hypothalamus
stimulates eating when blood sugar is low

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