PSY 322: Exam 2
64 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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Consciousness
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Our ongoing awareness of our thoughts and feelings
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Stroop Task
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Challenge where people must differentiate between the words and colors shown.
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Freud's idea of Consciousness
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In the spotlight of awareness
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Freud's idea of Preconsciousness
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Can be easily brought into awareness
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Freud's idea of Unconsciousness
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Banned from awareness.Surpressed.
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Subliminal Priming
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Activating thoughts or feelings without conscious awareness
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Bargh
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People who were subliminally primed with thoughts about elderly people during class walked slower out of the room than those who weren't.
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Function of Subliminal Mind
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Our brains have more to do than CNS mind can handle
-->Subliminal mind picks up slack
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Altered states of Consciousness
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->Sleeping
->Dreams
->Hypnosis
->Meditation
->Drugs and Alcohol
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Falling asleep
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Thoughts become hazy, muscles relax
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Stage One Sleep
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->Hypogenic sleep
->Feel a gentle falling or floating
->5-10 minutes
->Easy to awaken
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Stage 2 Sleep
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->Minor noises won't wake you, but still relatively easy to awaken
->20 minutes
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Stages 3 &4 Sleep
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->Breathing and pulse slow
->Hard to awaken
->Deep sleep
->Slow Wave sleep
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Stage 5 Sleep
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->REM sleep
->Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption
->Muscle Paralysis
->Dreaming
->Heightened cerebral activity
->20-40 minutes
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Restoration Function
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Recover from work done when animal was awake
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Lack of REM Sleep
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Anxious and irritable
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Psychosis
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Long term sleep deprivation
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Sleep as Adaptive
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->Save energy at night when can't get food
->Not sleeping a lot if "hunted"
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Sleep Apnea
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Not enough oxygen during sleep
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Narcolepsy
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Not enough distinguishing between awake and asleep states
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REM Behavior Disorder
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No muscle paralysis during REM
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64%
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Percent of dreams associated with sadness, fear, or aggression
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18%
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Percent of dreams which are happy or exciting
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28%
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Percent of dreams which are in color
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Freud's Interpretation of Dreams
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He believed dreams expressed wishes, often disguised
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Manifest Content
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Conscious dream content that is remembered after awakening
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Latent Content
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The unconscious, uncensored meaning of a dream
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Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
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During REM sleep there are random bursts of nerve cell activity, dreams are the way the mind makes sense of those bursts
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Epiphenomenal Memory Theory
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->Right brain encodes the days memories during REM sleep
->Left brain (language center) tries to make sense of what the right brain is doing
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Karni's Experiment
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->Participants learned a new skill
1/3 let sleep a full night
1/3 interrupted REM sleep (very poor memory)
1/3 interrupted SWS
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Psychoactive drug
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A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods, or behaviors
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Physical Dependence
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A physiological addiction in which more of the drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal
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Psychological Dependence
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A condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well being or relief from negative emotions
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Psychedelic drugs
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Drugs which disrupt normal thought processes
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Narcotics
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Drugs which relieve pain and cause euphoria
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Long term alcohol effects
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->Liver Damage
->Brain damage
->fetal damage
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Hallucinogens
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LSP, PCP, Mescaline, and marijuana
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Learning
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A change in knowlege that results from experience
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Types of Learning
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->Classical conditionng
->Operant Conditioning
->Observational learning
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Pavlov's Apparatus
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Teaching a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell
->Classical conditioning
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Generalization
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When the classically conditioned reaction occurs to a similar stimuli
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Acquisition
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Formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
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Extinction
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Elimination of a learned response by removal of unconditioned stimulus
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
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Prepared Classical Conditioning
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Organisms seem predisposed to make certain associations (Nausea creates taste aversions)
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Operant Conditioning
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Learning associations between actions and consequences
Behavior--->Followed by:Reinforcement----Increased chances of --^
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Positive Reinforcement
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Adds good things
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Negative Reinforcement
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Taking bad things away
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Shaping
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Rewarding successively closer approximations of a desired behavior, useful for teaching new behaviors
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Continuous reinforcement
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Reward after every response
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Random Reinforcement
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only sometimes rewarded
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Fixed ration reinforcement
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Reward after a set number of responses (Frequent shopper)
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Variable ratio reinforcement
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Reward after a varying number of responses
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Fixed Interval reinforcement
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Reward after a specific time interval
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Variable interval reinforcement
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Reward after a variable time interval
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Retrieval
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Puts information from LTM into STM
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Icon
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Visual sensory memory
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Echo
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Auditory sensory memory
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STM
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7 plus or minus 2 chunks (Meaningful units)
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Procedural Memory
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Memory for motor skills learned through practice
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Declarative Memory
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Memory for facts and personal experiences
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Environmental Context
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Becomes encoded with the material being remembered
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
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inhibits hunger when blood sugar is high
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The lateral hypothalamus
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stimulates eating when blood sugar is low
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