PSY 101: FINAL EXAM
60 Cards in this Set
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Distress (duress)
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negative stress
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Eustress
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Positive stress. Serves as a challenge in a way that is motivating, meaningful, and satisfying
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Major Life Stressors
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changes or disruptions that strain central areas of people's lives
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Daily Hassles
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day-to-day irritations or annoyances
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GAS Alarm Stage
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Body's initial reaction to something stressful; prepares the body for fight or flight
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GAS Resistance Stage
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body prepares for a longer sustained attack against the stressor; body attempts to adjust to persistent stress, but physical resources become depleted over time
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GAS Exhaustion Stage
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reaction to long-term, continuous stress. Immune system weakens; can lead to stress-related diseases or even premature death
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Type A Behavior Pattern
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a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience with others, and inability to relax
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Type B Behavior Pattern
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a pattern of behavior characterized by noncompetitive, relaxed, easy going, and accommodating behavior
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Emotion-Focused Coping
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a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor
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Problem-Focused Coping
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a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor.
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Social Support System
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network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Restriction of caloric intake, leading to a significantly low body weight (less than minimally normal). Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat OR persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even those at a significantly low weight.
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by
1. Eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food that id definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar meal
2. A sense of lack of control of eating during that Episode.
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Binge Eating Disorder
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Recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by
1. Rating in a discrete period of time an amount of food than is larger than most would eat in a similar sitting
2. A sense of lack of control over eating during that episode.
Usually associated with eating more than usual, eating…
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Health Psychology
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A field that integrates research on health and psychology; it involves the application of psychological principles to promote health and well-being
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Biopsychosocial model
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A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and fitness.
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Leading causes of mortality in US
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heart disease, cancer, strokes, lung disease, and accidents
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Life expectancy by race and sex
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white females > black females > white males > black females
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Underweight
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BMI < 18.5
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Recommended Range
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BMI: 18.5-25
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Overweight
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BMI: 25-30
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Obese
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> 30
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Restrictive Dieting
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Most individuals who lose weight through dieting eventually gain it back. The body responds to weight loss by slowing down the metabolism and using less energy.
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Restrained Eating
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These people are prone to excessive eating in certain situations; these bouts of overeating may be occasional or not occasional.
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Tend-and-Befriend Response
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Females tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than fight or flee in response to threat.
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Primary appraisals
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part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant
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secondary appraisals
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part of the coping process during which people evaluate their response options and choose coping behaviors
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anticipatory coping
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coping that occurs before the onset of a future stressor
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positive reappraisal
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a cognitive process in which a person focuses on possible good things in his or her current situation. (silver lining)
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Downward Comparisons
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comparing oneself to those who are worse off. Shown to help people cope with serious illness
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Creation of Positive Events
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giving positive meaning to ordinary events
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Maladaptive Behavior
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one that interferes with a person's life and ability to function (includes dangerous behavior towards self or others)
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Specific Phobia
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an excessive, unreasonable fear of a particular object or situation
Five Types:
1. Animal 2. Natural environment 3. Blood-injection-injury 4. Situational 5. Other
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Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
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marked by intense and ongoing fear of potentially embarrassing social OR performance situation
Ex. public speaking, meeting new people.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or activities. Individuals find it hard to control the worry. Associated with 3 or more symptoms:
Restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.
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Panic Disorder
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recurrent unexpected panic attacks. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) or the following:
-Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences
-A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to attacks.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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a disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions
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Obsessions
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recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts or ideas or mental changes. (fear of contamination/accidents)
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Compulsions
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particular acts that the OCD patient feels driven to perform over and over. (cleaning, checking, counting)
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PTSD
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a disorder that involves frequent and recurring unwanted thoughts related to the trauma. Usually they try to avoid situations or stimuli that remind them of their trauma.
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
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depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. While depressed, must experience 2 or more given symptoms (poor appetite/ overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopele…
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Bipolar Disorder 1
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Criteria have been met for at least one manic episode.
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Schizophrenia
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2 or more of the following are present, with each symptom present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one must be one, 2, or 3.
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. grossly disorganized or catatonic…
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delusions
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false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
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control delusions
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belief that one's thoughts and behaviors are being controlled by external forces
-thought insertion
-thought broadcasting
-thought withdrawal
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persecutory delusions
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belief that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm one
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grandiose delusions
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belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent
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referential delusions
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belief that objects, events, or other people have particular significance to one.
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hallucinations
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sensory experiences a person believes to be true, when actually they are not.
Can be auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory.
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Disorganized Behavior
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Poor self-care, inappropriate affect, catatonic behavior
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Inattention
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the state of being distracted, or the inability to concentrate
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Hyperactivity
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a state of heightened motor and emotional activity and excitability
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impulsivity
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a lack of self-control over one's actions and words; the inability to consider the consequences of actions and words before speaking or carrying out actions
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Behavior Therapy
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treatment based on the premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of classical and operant conditioning
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social skills training
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the client learns appropriate ways to act in specific social situations.
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exposure
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a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation
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cognitive therapy
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treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions; treatment strategies attempt to modify these thought patterns
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cognitive restructuring
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a technique in cognitive therapy that strives to help clients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more rational
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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therapy that incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors.
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Study Guide: Final Exam