162 Cards in this Set
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
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critical thinking
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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
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theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction, often imposed by a theory
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operational definition
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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
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replication
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repeating the essence of a reach study, usually with different participants in different situations
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case study
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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group
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population
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all the cases in a group being studied
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random sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
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naturalistic observation
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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correlation
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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together
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correlation coefficient
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a statistical index of the relationship between two things
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scatterplots
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graphed cluster of dots
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment (one version of the independent variable_
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control group
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the group that is NOT exposed to treatment in an experiment
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independent variable
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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dependent variable
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the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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normal curve
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a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
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neuron
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a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
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alcoholism and depression
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Most common mental disorders for men
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eating disorders and depression
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Most common mental disorders for women
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overconfidence
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tend to think we know more than we do
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confirmation bias
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Your roommate is a jerk & you're considerate
you have tons of incidences to prove it
did you look at if you were ever a jerk tho?
This is an example of what?
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case study
survey
naturalistic observation
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3 types of descriptive research
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case study
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observation technique in which one person/organization is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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operational
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a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables
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Hindsight bias
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Two girls are on a sport team, they lose, and respond by saying "That loss was inevitable."
This is an example of ____
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high correlation
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little scatter on a scatter plot represents ____
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stronger
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If a correlation is closer to -1/+1 is is ____
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weak
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If a correlation is closer to 0 it is ____
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-1.00
+1.00
0
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perfect neg correlation = ___
perfect pos correlation = ___
no correlation = ___
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causation
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correlation does NOT prove ____
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confirmation bias
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A researcher who does an experiment and only pays attention to the evidence that supports her theory is an example of _____
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independent variables
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Dr. X gives people sugar to study their reactions in it. What is the sugar?
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arteries and afferent nerves
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what are input lines to the brain?
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veins and efferent nerves
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what are output lines to the brain?
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Arrive
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Afferent =
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Exit
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Efferent = ___
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Axons
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What other neurons does the Dendrite get info from?
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sensory and motor neurons
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The peripheral nervous system consists of ___
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cerebellum
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If you have a brain injury and can't walk straight, what head part is injured?
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autonomic
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Which part of the nervous system controls self-regulated action of internal organs/glands?
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dendrites
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Which part of neurons receive messages from other cells?
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cerebellum
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What part of the brain is responsible for fine motor movements and regulates balance, coordination and speech?
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re-uptakes
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what is it called when neurotransmitters in the synapse return in the pre-synaptic nerve ending?
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left brain functions vs. right brain functions
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What is lateralization?
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right
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___ side of the brain controls the left side of the body
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left
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___ side of the brain controls the right side of the body
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left
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language is lateralized in which brain hemisphere?
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language, analytical processing, time sequences, math, logic
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what is the left brain specialized for?
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the ____ is the largest bundle of neural fibers
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what is the right brain specialized for?
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corpus callosum
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the ____ is the largest bundle of neural fibers
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genes
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segment of DNA containing the code for a particular protein
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cell
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basic structural unit of a living thing
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nucleus
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inner area of a cell that houses chromosomes and genes
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chromosome
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genetic threadlike structure made largely of DNA molecules
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50%
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What percent of genes do you share with you parents?
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25%
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What percent of genes do you share with you grandparents?
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50%
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What percent of genes do you share with you siblings?
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environment
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every magnetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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behavior genetics
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the study of the power and limits of genetic and environmental influence on behavior
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Identical Twins:
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develop from a single zygote (fertilized egg)
splits in 2
creates 2 genetic replicas (100% same gene)
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Fraternal twins:
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develop from separate zygotes
genetically are no closer than siblings
share same fetal environment
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neuron
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billions of interconnected cells; basic building block of the nervous system
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry incoming info from other sense receptors to the brain and spinal cord
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motor neurons
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neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cord to muscle glands
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interneurons
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neurons in the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sense and motor outputs
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brain
spinal cord
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The central nervous system consists of what 2 parts:
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a single egg cell (that splits into 2) by a single sperm cell
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identical twins originate from the fertilization of ___
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two eggs cells by two sperm cells
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fraternal twins originate from:
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the sympathetic nervous system
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations?
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confirmation bias
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confirmation bias
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dendrites
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bushy, branchy extension of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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axon
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the extension of a neuron that messages pass to other neurons, muscles or glands
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myelin sheath
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a layer of fatty tissue encasing the neuron fibers; helps speed neural impulses
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neural impulse
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aka: action potential;
a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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threshold
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the level of stimulation required to trigger a nerve impulses
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-excitatory: like pushing a neurons accelorator
-inhibitory: like pushing a neurons break
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Excitatory signals vs. inhibitory signals
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EX: if the excitatory party animals outvote the inhibitory party poopers, the party is ON!
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How do excitatory and inhibitory decide which action signal is used?
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synapse
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meeting point between neurons (axon tip between sending neurons and dendrite/cell body of receiving neurons)
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neurotransmitters
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When an action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at the axons end, it triggers the release of what?
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
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reuptake
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when the sending neurons absorb the neurotransmitters
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endorphins
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types of neurotransmitters similar to morphine that our body realizes in response to pain and vigorous exercise
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the nervous system
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our bodys electrochemical communications network consisting of all the nerve cells of the PNS and CNS
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peripheral nervous system consists of
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the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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nerves
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bundled axons that form neural cables connect the CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs
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somatic nervous system
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part of the PNS that controls the bodys skeletal muscles
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autonomic nervous system
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part of the PNS that controls he glands and muscles of internal organs
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sympathetic nervous system
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part of the autonomic nervous system that arouse the body
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parasympathetic nervous system
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the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
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reflex
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a simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus
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spinal cord
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the ____ is an information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain
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the wouldn't feel pain below
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What would happen if one severed their spinal cord?
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endocrine system
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the bodys "slow" communication stystem
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hormones
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chemical messengers that travel thru the blood stream and affect other tissues
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nervous system
endocrine system
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the ___ system deliverers messages like email and the ____ delivers messages like snail mail
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adrenal glands
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a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones
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pituitary gland
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master is the hypothalamus
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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left
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the right side of the brain controls the ____ side of the body
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right
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the left side of the brain controls the ____ side of the body
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vision (occipital lobe)
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damage to the back of the brain can disrupt ____
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new brains
old brains
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Complexity of brains continues to rise as ____ are built on top of _____
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brainstem
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the oldest part of the brain
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medulla
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the base of the brainstem
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medulla
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what controls heartbeat and breathing
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reticular formation
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a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
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thalamus
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the brains sensory switch board; located on top of the brain stem
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thalamus
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directs messages of the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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cerebellum
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the "little brain" at the rear of the brain stem
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memory
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the hippocampus processes ____
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limbic system
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neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
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amygdala
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two limba bean sized neural clusters it eh limbic system that are linked to emotion
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hypothalamus
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neural structure below the thalamus
govern the endocrine system
linked to emotion and reward
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cerebral cortex
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interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
the bodys ultimate control and info processing center
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glial cells
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cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons
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frontal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead
used in speaking and muscle movement in making plans and judgments
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parietal lobes
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part of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head
receives sense input for touch and body position
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occipital lobe
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back of the cerebral cortex
receive info from the visual fields
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temporal lobes
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part of the cerebral cortex behind the ears
auditory areas, receives inform primarily from the opposite ears
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motor cortex
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area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
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sensory cortex
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area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
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association areas
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areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking
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frontal lobes
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damage to ones ___ can alter their personality, inhibitions and planning skills
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right
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the ___ side of the brain allows us to recognize faces
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corpus callosum
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the large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
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split brain
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a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains 2 hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them
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left
right
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___ hemisphere is dominant/major and ___ hemisphere is subordinate/minor
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said: ART
pointed to: HE
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PERSON WITH SPLIT BRAIN:
HE-ART flashed on screen
HE - seen by left; ART - seen by right
asked what seen and said ___
asked to point to the word and pointed to ___
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left
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left
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90%
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What percent of people are right handed?
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left --> right
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Which hemisphere is slightly larger than the other?
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behavior genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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environment
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environment
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chromosomes
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threadlike structures of DNA that contain genes
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DNA
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genetic inform that makes up chromosomes
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genes
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genes
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96%
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What percent of our DNA sequence is shared with Chimps?
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genes
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Most of our traits are influenced by ____
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groups of genes
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groups of genes
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nature
diversity
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Our genetic predispositions explain out human ____ and our human ___
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copies of those genes
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Identical twins always have the same number of genes, but a different number of ____
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more but a little
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Identical twins raised together have (more/less) identical personalities than identical twins raised apart
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MORE
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more
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tempermant
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a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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heredity
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the portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
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culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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individualism
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giving priority to ones own goals over group goals; defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification
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collectivism
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giving priority to goals of ones group and defining ones identity accordingly
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gender roles
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a set of expected behaviors for men and women
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gender identity
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our sense of being male or female
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gender typing
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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or famine role
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nature and nurture
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The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative
influences of
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sensory neurons
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sensory neurons
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natural selection
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The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known
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a synapse
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junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
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thalamus
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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
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environment
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every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, in an aspect of our
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medulla
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the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
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dependent
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In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ________
variable
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the corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that
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transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres
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Study Guide: Final Exam