PGY 451: Final Practice Exam 1
66 Cards in this Set
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the correct response to parathyroid hormone secretion
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inhibition of transcription through chromatin modification.
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what is the role of histone acetyl-transferase in cortisol signaling.
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activation of transcription through chromatin modification.
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NOT synthesized from progesterone
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1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3.
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growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 work together to promote anabolism. What other hormone is required for the full effect of GH and IGF1?
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insulin.
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in an average human, which tissue has most of the usable energy stores?
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adipose tissue.
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which effect is a response to glucagon secretion?
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activation of adipose hormone sensitive lipase.
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if the adrenal gland is removed from a subject or the gland is non-functional in terms of hormone production, what would be the consequence?
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circulating ACTH levels will be high and cortisol levels will be low.
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which hormone increases cell surface expression of lipoprotein lipase?
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insulin.
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epinephrine down regulates insulin release by interaction with α2 adrenergic receptors. what is the signaling mechanism of the α2 receptors?
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activation of Gαi.
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what do the signaling mechanisms of thyroid hormone and growth hormone have in common?
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function primarily through regulations of transcription.
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hormones that are diabetagenic are capable of causing or exacerbating diabetes when given in excess. which hormone is most likely to be diabetagenic?
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growth hormone.
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what is the most abundant steroid made by the adrenal glands?
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cortisol.
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which hormone has the shortest half-life?
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angiotensin II.
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which metabolic process is deficient in type 2 diabetes?
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liver glycogenesis.
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one form of mature onset diabetes is caused by mutations that decrease the activity of glucokinase. why would this mutations cause MODY?
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reduced levels of insulin production.
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appetite and energy storage are controlled by two sets of neurons in the hypothalamus, the satiety center, the location of the POMC/CART neurons, and the feeding center, where one finds the NPY/AgRP neurons. what is the effect of insulin on these centers?
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inhibition of the feeding center only.
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which hormone decrease appetite through direction interaction with αMSH expressing neurons?
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leptin.
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which of the following conditions accompanies cushing's syndrome?
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hyperglycemia.
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regardless of an individual's metabolic profile, many studies have shown that drastic, but temporary reduction in caloric intake is an ineffective strategy for permanent reduction of body mass index. this is primarily due to what physiological response?
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decreased involuntary energy out.
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congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by impaired synthesis of all adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones. this condition is caused by a mutation in the gene for which protein?
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steroid acute regulatory protein.
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what action of thyroid hormone is responsible for its effect on adrenergic responses?
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increased transcription of β adrenergic receptor mRNA in target tissues.
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deficiency of which factor would result in development of goiter?
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iodine.
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identify the metabolic effect of epinephrin
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down regulation of skeletal muscle GLUT4.
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which process is up regulated by insulin in the skeletal muscle?
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glycogenesis.
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what is the key difference between GLP1 and glucagon cell types that allow different mature hormones to be secreted?
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different pro hormone processing proteases.
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what is the regulatory relationship between IGF1 and growth hormone releasing hormone?
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IGF1 inhibits GHRH release in long negative feedback loop.
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what process is increased by antidiuretic hormone?
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renal water reabsorption.
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which hormone is released in pulses at regular time intervals?
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corticotropin releasing hormone.
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which factor does NOT directly regulate aldosterone synthesis?
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cortisol.
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which contributes to the high T3 concentration(relative to T4) found in the blood?
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T4 has a higher affinity for thyroid binding globulin than T3.
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which of the following hormones does not act via a second messenger system?
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testosterone.
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which of the following decreases or inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion?
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elevated serum water volume.
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which of the following does NOT inhibit secretion of any of the anterior pituitary hormones?
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epinephrine.
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which occurs in the hypothalamus?
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thyrotropin releasing hormone synthesis.
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which of the following hormones is synthesized in multiple tissues or cell types?
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5-dihydrotestosterone.
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what do the signaling mechanisms of leptin and cortisol have in common?
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function primarily through regulation of transcription.
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prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) is released from the hypothalamus into the portal circulation where it inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary. this is an example of which type of effect?
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endocrine.
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in a healthy person, administration of propylthiouracil (a drug that blocks thyroid peroxidase activity) is most likely to cause which of the following conditions?
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goiter.
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which of the following is NOT up regulated in the skeletal muscle by insulin?
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protein catabolism.
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which characteristic distinguishes type 1 from type 2 diabetes?
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type 1 diabetes must be treated with insulin.
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which of the following metabolic process is up regulated by cortisol?
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liver gluconeogenesis.
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what property of leptin is unique among hormones that influence long term energy stores?
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stimulation of αMSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) secretion.
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which of the following hormones are regulated by proteolysis?
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angiotensin II
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most of the body's energy stores consist of triacylglycerol (TAG) rather than carbohydrates such as glycogen. Which property of TAG make it especially suited for this function?
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they provide more calories per gram than carbohydrates.
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which of the following tissues develops insulin resistance in response to chronic nutritional excess?
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adipose, liver, skeletal muscle.
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with which type of receptor does growth hormone releasing hormone interact?
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Gαs-coupled.
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which property is shared by epinephrine and corticotropin releasing hormone?
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a short half-life(t1/2).
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which of the following is a consequence of the incretin effect?
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increased secretion of insulin after a meal.
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in which tissues would the calcium sensing receptor(CaSR) be found?
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parathyroid glands.
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none of the following hormones down regulate epinephrine...
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adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, leptin, antidiuretic hormone.
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andrenocorticotropic hormone down regulates which of the following?
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corticotropin releasing hormone.
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pro-opiomelanocortin(POMC) is a precursor from which 5 hormones are made in the anterior pituitary, and 6 different hormones (or neurotransmitters) in the hypothalamus. this type of mechanism is common in the synthesis of what?
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peptide hormones.
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which of the following hormones are up regulated or released by changes in membrane potential?
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insulin.
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1 α vitamin D3 hydroxylase is the enzyme that converts 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3. Which of the following activates this enzyme?
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parathyroid hormone.
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which of the following hormones is subject to antagonistic regulation from hypothalamic hormones?
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growth hormone.
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the us environmental protection agency recently announced its intention to regulate the keels of perchlorate ions (ClO4-) in drinking water. one concern is that this chemical is known to inhibit the sodium iodine symporter. this would be expected to result in elevated levels of which horm…
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TSH.
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which of the following diaeresis most likely to be caused by an over-secreting tumor of a gland or endocrine tissues?
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Cushing's disease.
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This hormone is secreted from the pituitary and has a binding protein. from this information, to which class must this hormone belong?
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peptide.
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the receptor for which hormone is most like the thyroid hormone receptor?
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estrogen.
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which hormone does NOT directly regulate skeletal muscle GLUT4?
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glucagon.
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which of the following properties is shared by epinephrine and oxytocin?
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short half life.
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glucose mobilization can occur during fasting, periods of stress, growth physical exertion, or anytime dietary glucose is insufficient. which of the following hormones directly stimulate glucose mobilization?
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coristol, epinephrine, and growth hormone.
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which of the following hormones does NOT have progesterone as a synthetic precursor?
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TSH.
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in an individual with a normal metabolic profile(BMI=20, no insulin resistance), which of the following is up regulated in the adipose tissue during an extended fast?
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hormone sensitive lipase.
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the half-life of ACTH is 10 minutes, while the half-life of IGF1 is 2 hours. what property accounts for this discrepancy?
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IGF1 is associated with a binding protein.
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cortisol and epinephrine are the two mina hormones involved in the endocrine stress response. which property is shared by these hormones?
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up regulation of hormone sensitive lipase.
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PGY 451: Final Practice Exam 1