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Slide 1Voluntary movementMotor cortexLimbs and bodyLocations of cortical motor areasArea 4, primary motor cortexElectrical stimulation of motor cortexMotor map in cortexPremotor cortex and SMAPGY 451/551 Fall, 2020Programming and control of voluntary movement: motor cortex 1Voluntary movement2Language areasAuditory- languageMotor- speechEye movement areasMultiple cortical motor areas4- movement of limbs and body2- movements of eyes1- speech (Broca’s area)Motor cortex 3primary motor cortex (area 4)dorsal premotor cortex (area 6)ventral premotor cortex (area 6)supplementary motor area (area 6)All of these areas are interconnected.All contribute axons to the corticospinal or pyramidal tract.(“areas 4, 6” are Brodmann terms)CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY:Upper motoneurons - cells in motor cortical areas that send their axons (“project”) down the spinal cord in corticospinal tracts.Lower motoneuron - cells in ventral horn of spinal cord that send axons out to muscles.Limbs and body4Medial wall of hemisphereLocations of cortical motor areas5Programming and control of voluntary movement; especially important in control of the hands and fingers; characterized by large cells in deeper cortex called Betz cells.Stain that stains cell body, dendrites and axon (cell body about 30 microns- µm- in diameter; 1000 microns/mm).area 4Area 4, primary motor cortex6Classic experiments in animals: brief contraction of one or a few muscles on the contralateral side of the body and somatotopic organization (orderly map of the contralateral body).Fritsch and Hitzig-dogsWilder Penfield studied patients with epilepsy trying to find a “seizure focus” in order to remove it surgically but spare language etc. Patients awake and able to report experiences.Confirmation of animal work: distorted map of contralateral body musculature.Wilder Penfield-humansElectrical stimulation of motor cortex7Enlarged representation of parts of the body with more finely controlled/skilled movement (contralateral).Plasticity in motor cortex: changes in map as a result of use/learning, similar to the plasticity seen in somatosensory cortex.Motor map in cortex8Premotor cortex: general idea is that it uses sensory information in ongoing control of movement, works with cerebellum. SMA involved in motor planning, bimanual coordination.Imaging experiment:3 tasks illustrate functional differences between SMA and area 4.Premotor cortex and


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UB PGY 451 - Motor Cortex

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