1. Axons from ganglion cells in the nasal retina of the left eyeA. synapse in the left lateral geniculate nucleus.B. remain ipsilateral at the optic chiasm.C. can be found in the left optic tract.D. carry information about the left visual field.E. carry information about the right monocular crescent.2. The hippocampusA. together with the putamen is called the striatum.B. is important for memory.C. is affected in AD.D. A and B.E. B and C.3. The cerebral cortexA. consists of four lobes, occipital, temporal, parietal frontal.B. is much thicker in mice than in humans.C. has a uniform fine structure throughout.D. has the same fine structure as the cerebellar cortex.E. is totally unaffected in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).4. The basilar membraneA. is stiffest at the apex.B. is narrowest at the apex.C. is of uniform width for its entire length.D. is most flexible at the apex.E. is one of the first structures affected in AD.5. Tonic-clonic seizuresA. are almost always fatal.B. can always be controlled by AEDs.C. are most common in children and will be outgrown.D. are one type of generalized seizures.E. used to be called petit mal seizures.6. The extrafusal muscle fibersA. are of two main types, Slow Twitch and Fast Twitch.B. have contractile centers and noncontractile poles.C. are found in muscle spindles.D. are found in flexor but not extensor muscles.E. receive motor innervation from gamma motoneurons.7. Exposure to very loud sounds can causeA. Tinnitus.B. Hearing loss.C. degeneration of the ossicles.D. degeneration of the optic nerve.E. A and B.8. Nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers areA. intrafusal fibers found in muscle spindles.B. found on the basilar membrane.C. essential for coding information about muscle force.D. essential for coding information about muscle length.E. A and D.9. In the disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, ALS, there isA. an increase in relative numbers of FF fibers.B. a decrease in the size of motor units in postural muscles.C. loss of trophic factors and muscle atrophy.D. a painful rash with blisters.E. a complete loss of S muscle fibers.10. Bradykinin is thought to beA. one of the mediators of pain transduction.B. the transmitter used by the neurons of the locus ceruleus.C. be the transmitter used by the second-order pain pathway neurons of the dorsal horn.D. be the transmitter used by neurons of the raphe magnus.E. be the transmitter used at the neuromuscular junction.11. Vision at nightA. is characterized by high acuity.B. is mediated by three different types of rods.C. is mediated by the cones.D. does not provide information about color.E. is most sensitive in the fovea.12. Somatosensory cortexA. has a distorted map of the ipsilateral half of the body.B. has a distorted map of the contralateral half of the body.C. is in the frontal lobe.D. includes Brodmann areas 3, 2 and 1.E. B and D.13. The anterolateral systemA. is named for the position of ascending axons in the spinal cord.B. primarily carries information about the position of the limbs in space.C. carries information about muscle length.D. is made up of branches of the axons of primary afferent pain fibers.E. takes information from motor cortex to the spinal cord.14. The flexion-crossed extension reflexA. requires an intact cerebellum.B. occurs in response to muscle stretch.C. occurs only in lower vertebrates.D. occurs only when there is an excess of dopamine.E. affects both ipsilateral and contralateral limbs.15. What is NOT true about the primary afferent fibers innervating the skin?A. Mechanoreceptors may end in encapsulated endings like Merkel disks or Meissner'scorpuscles.B. Some nociceptors are Aδ fibers, others are C fibers.C. The axons of nociceptors enter the spinal cord and bifurcate, forming one ascending andone descending branch (Tract of Lissauer)..D. Thermoreceptors (fibers for temperature) depolarize in response to warm stimuli andhyperpolarize in response to cold stimuli.E. Aβ fibers enter the spinal cord and ascend to the dorsal column nuclei on the ipsilateralside of the brain.16. Referred painA. is one of the chronic pain syndromes.B. may be mediated by the cells found in the spinal cord dorsal horn.C. is mediated by enkephalin interneurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn.D. is a major problem for patients with AD.E. frequently occurs after amputations of the leg.17. What is true about the tonic neck reflexes?A. They occur only after spinal transection.B. Their strength depends on the level of dopamine released by neurons of the substantianigra.C. If the head is turned to the right the right arm flexes.D. If the head is turned to the right the right arm extends.E. They result from too much enkephalin release in the dorsal horn.18. The dorsal root ganglionA. contains the cell bodies of gamma motoneurons.B. is made up of pyramidal cells.C. contains the cell bodies of primary afferent C fibers.D. degenerates in Alzheimer’s disease.E. is in the brainstem.19. Tardive dyskinesia results fromA. hemisection of the spinal cord.B. long-term use of neuroleptics (medications that block dopamine receptors).C. uncontrolled partial complex seizures.D. prolonged exposure to flashing lights.E. degeneration of the subthalamic nucleus.20. Ataxia is a symptom ofA. degeneration of the nucleus basalis.B. damage to the putamen.C. damage to the cerebellum.D. a stroke that affects cortical areas 4 and 6.E. damage to the subthalamic nucleus.21. If an extensor muscle contracts there will beA. a decrease in joint angle and an increase in the length of that muscle.B. an increase in joint angle and a decrease in the length of that muscle.C. a decrease in joint angle and a decrease in length of that muscle.D. an increase in joint angle and an increase in length of that muscle.E. a decrease in the length of its antagonist.22. The Babinski signA. is normal in newborns.B. in adults is an indicator of damage to the globus pallidus.C. in adults is an indicator of damage to motor cortex or pyramidal tract.D. is a reflex response seen to painful or damaging stimuli applied to the toes.E. A and C.23. The dorsal column nucleiA. are in the pons.B. are also known as cerebellar deep nuclei.C. receive input from C primary afferent fibers.D. receive information about the ipsilateral half of the body.E. receive information about the contralateral half of the body.24. The size principle states thatA. the small motor units are the last to be recruited.B. the large motor units are the first to be recruited.C. stretch