PTH_AS 2201: EXAM 2
213 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
what consists of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs?
|
attaches to the sternum and includes the scapula and clavicles also
1:arm-brachium
2:forearm-antebrachium
3:hand:mannus
|
|
how is the scapula attached to the pectoral girdle?
|
does not have a bony attachment, attached very loosely to the clavicle
attached to the axial skeleton by way of muscles and ligaments
|
|
characteristicsof pectoral girdle
|
attached very loosely which causes high flexibility, lots of movement NOT STABLE
|
|
the scapula is located where
|
dorsal surface of the rub cage
|
|
the scapular spine is where
|
dorsal side of the scapula
|
|
the glenoid cavity(fossa) articulates with
|
humerus, the upper arm articulates with the humerus forming the shoulder joint
|
|
caracoid process is where what attaches
|
biceps attach
|
|
the acromion articulates with
|
the end of the clavicle called the acromion end
|
|
whats are the parts of the scapula
|
1. scapular spine
2. glenoid fossa
3. caracoled process
4. acromion
|
|
the clavicle (collarbone) extends across what
|
the superior thorax
|
|
the sternal end of the clavicles articulates with what
|
manubrium of the sternum
|
|
the acromial end of the clavicle articulates with
|
the acromial process of the scapula
|
|
function of clavicle
|
1-provides muscle attachment
2-acts as a brace for the scapula and arms
3-transmits compression forces from arms to axial skeleton
|
|
what is the shape of the clavicle
|
mostly straight but has an S shape to it.
*because of the structure it tends to fracture near the curves
|
|
characteristic of clavicle ligaments
|
are strong so the bone breaks instead of dislocating
|
|
how many bones are in the upper limb
|
30
|
|
the upper limb divides into the
|
1-upper arm-humerus bone
2-forearm(antebrachium)- 2 bones are radius and ulna
3-hand- wrist(carpus), metacarpus(hand portion) and phalanges (fingers)
|
|
characteristic of the humerus
|
largest and longest of the upper limbs
|
|
the humerus head articulates with
|
the scapula at the glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
|
|
the humerus distal end articulates with
|
the radius and the ulna
|
|
the humerus tubercles are sites of
|
muscle attachment
|
|
the humerus deltoid tuberosity is attachment for
|
the deltoid muscle
|
|
most frequent fractures of humerus
|
surgical neck because it is the thinnest and weakest point
|
|
two common places for fractures of humerus
|
1- surgical neck
2- midshaft spiral fractures
|
|
characteristic of fractures of humerus
|
nerves pass along bone and can be damaged by these 2 fractures. MAY lead to permanent upper limb dysfunction if the nerves are damaged severely enough
|
|
what two forearm bones articulate with the humerus
|
ulna and radius
|
|
what is the main forearm bone contributing to the elbow
|
ulna
|
|
what does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with
|
trochlear notch of the ulna. the notch fits over the trochlea to create a hinge.
|
|
what does the cornoid fossa of humerus receive
|
coronoid process when the forearm bends
|
|
what does olecranon fossa of humerus receive
|
olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm extends
|
|
what are the attachment sites for forearm muscles on the humerus
|
lateral and medial epicondyles
|
|
what part of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius
|
capitulum
|
|
radial head of humerus articulates with what
|
radial notch of the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) to form a pivot joint. This is why elbow can bend or forearm twist.
also articulates with capitulum
|
|
forearm supination
|
radius parallel to ulna
palms facing up
<-------
|
|
forearm pronation
|
radius crossed over ulna
palms facing down
--->
|
|
important about supination and pronation in SAP
|
radius is lateral and ulna is medial. when palms face posteriorly bones cross and form an x
|
|
radius and ulna styloid processes
|
attach to ligaments that anchor the wrist away. These are the bones you can see and feel.
|
|
wrist fractures typically occur through
|
distal radius while catching yourself during a fall. Common in older females with weaker bones.
dinner fork representation
can lead to nerve damage and dysfunction
|
|
how many carpals make up the wrist
|
8. arranged roughly in 2 rows
|
|
what kind of movements from carpals at articulation
|
gliding movements, wrist is very flexible
|
|
what part of the carpal is fractured most frequently
|
scaphold
|
|
how many metacarpals and what do they consist of
|
5 metacarpals
1. head
2. shaft
3. base
|
|
how are the metacarpals numbered
|
I-V, thumb to little finger
|
|
what is the numbering system for phalanges
|
same as metacarpal but is proximal, middle and distal
pollex(thumb) has only proximal and distal
|
|
what is included in the pelvic girdle
|
bones of the pelvis, thigh, leg and foot
|
|
what consists of the pelvis
|
hips, sacrum, coccyx
|
|
pelvis bones include both of what
|
appendicular and axial bones
|
|
what is the role of the pelvis
|
attaches to the lower limbs tot he spine so body weight passes through the girdle to lower limbs and supports the viscera
|
|
what type of attachment does the pelvis have
|
strong attachment to the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint VERY STABLE
|
|
how does the pelvis differ from pectoral girdle
|
less freedom of movement, less flexibility STABILITY
|
|
how does the pelvis attach to the lower limbs
|
by fusing the sacrum w coccyx bone
|
|
the ox coxae is composed of three bones
|
ilium-hip bone
ischium-goes around to the back
pubis-goes around to the front
(fuse by adulthood)
two hip bones join at pubic symphysis
|
|
what is the acetabulum of the pelvic bone
|
the space that receives the head of the femur
composed of all three pelvic bones
|
|
pelvic inlet
|
defines the boundary between pelvic and abdominal cavities (pelvis)
|
|
pelvic brim
|
defines edge of pelvic inlet
|
|
pelvic outlet
|
defined by ischial tuberosities (bone you sit on)
|
|
male vs female pelvis
|
male pelvis is more narrower and female more wide shallow and basket shaped coccyx is also more out
|
|
what is the role of lower limbs
|
carry entire weight of body, thicker and stronger then the upper limbs
|
|
characteristic of femur
|
largest and strongest bone in the body
|
|
the head of the femur is carried
|
on a neck that angles laterally to join the shaft
|
|
what is the weakest part of a femur
|
neck
|
|
lateral and medial condyles articulate with
|
tibia
|
|
lateral and medial epicondyles
|
there ar just more raised parts of the condyles articulated with the tibia
|
|
greater and lesser trochanters are
|
sites of muscle attachment
|
|
linea aspera
|
the ridge along the shaft of the femur used for muscle attachment
|
|
condyles are separated anteriorly by
|
patellar surface
|
|
condyles are separated posteriorly by
|
intercondylar fossa
|
|
intertrochantric crest
|
runs from greater to lesser trochanter
|
|
intertrochanteric line is
|
anterior
|
|
patella
|
sesamoid bone (formed within connective tissue) enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps
|
|
what is the job of the patella
|
protects the knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscles
|
|
tibia vs fibula
|
tibia is larger and more sturdy
fibula is much smaller
|
|
superior and inferior articulations of tibia and fibula are connected by
|
intersosserousmembranes
|
|
tibia articulates with
|
femur at knee and talus at ankle
|
|
fibula does not articulate at
|
knee and is only for stabilization of ankle
|
|
tibia receives
|
weight of body and transmits it to the foot
|
|
medial and lateral condyles of tibia articulate with
|
condyles of femur
|
|
shaft of tibia
|
triangular with a sharp anterior border (shin bone)
|
|
distal end of tibia
|
flattened for articulation with talus; medial malleolus projects to form ankle bone
|
|
fibula
|
thin
head on superior end
DOES NOT bear weight
|
|
ankle fractures are
|
common, typically the result of rolling or twisting
*ligaments crossing joint are often so strong they remain in tact but bones fracture
|
|
high ankle sprain
|
tear in the interosseus membrane and cause a great deal of swelling and pain
|
|
functions of the foot
|
supports weight of body
acts as a lever for moving the body(walking,running)
|
|
the skeleton of the foot includes
|
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
|
|
how many tarsal bones in the foot
|
7
|
|
how many metatarsals bones in the foot
|
5
|
|
how many phalanges in the foot
|
14 proximal, middle, distal
|
|
tarsals body weight mostly carried by
|
talus and calcaneous
|
|
talus articulates with
|
tibia and fibula anteriorly and calcaneous inferiorly
|
|
what is the calcaneous
|
heel
|
|
acchiles tendon attaches to
|
posterior surface and enables extension of foot
|
|
how many arches are in the foot
|
3
1-transverse side to side between longitudinal arches
2-medial longitudinal-talus is key
3. lateral longitudinal-cuboid is key
|
|
role of arches of the foot
|
support and sitribute body weight so that half goes to heel and half god to metatarsals
*bones ligaments and tendons work together t maintain these
*overtime tendons can begin to fail causing fallen arches if overused or underused
|
|
plantar fascitis
|
very painful foot disorder caused from overuse results from inflammation/tiny ears to the ligament, pain at heel/bottom of foot
|
|
the axial skeleton consists of
|
skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage
80 named bones
|
|
the axial skeleton function
|
supports head, neck, trunk
protects brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs
|
|
how many bones in the skull
|
28, extremely complex
|
|
characteristics of bones in the skull
|
most are flat formed via intramembraneous ossification
bones unites by sutures (immovable)
|
|
the skull subdivides into what two categories
|
cranial
facial divisions
|
|
cranial bone functions
|
protect brain
provide attachment sites for some head/neck muscles
|
|
facial bone functions
|
form the framework of the face
create cavities for sense organs
provide openings for passage of air and food
hold the teeth
anchor muscles of the face
|
|
cranium can be divided into what two categories
|
vault
base
|
|
cranium vault
|
superior, lateral and posterior bones of the skull (include forehead)
|
|
cranium base
|
inferior part of the cranium
|
|
cranium is made up of how many bones
|
8
|
|
what re the 8 bones of cranium and location
|
1-frontal-forehead
2-(2)parietal-back top
3-occipital-very back just above neck
4-(2)temporal-side, region of your ears
5-sphenoid-small sliver just above cheek bone
6-ethmoid-central bone just behind your nose
|
|
coronal suture connects
|
parietal and frontal
|
|
squamous suture connects
|
parietal and temporal
|
|
lamdoid suture connects
|
temporal and occipital
|
|
sagittal suture connects
|
parietal and parietal down the middle
|
|
what two things consist of frontal bone
|
1-supercilliary arches-protusions that your eyebrows sit on
2-glabella-the smooth medial part of the frontal bone between the supercilliary arches
|
|
parietal bones
|
make up most of the superior part of the skull, extend posteriorly and laterally
|
|
paired temporal bones house opening to
|
ear, base of cheekbone
|
|
three main regions of temporal bones
|
1-petrous-best seen from inside contains middle and inner ear cavities
2-tymphatic
3-squamous
|
|
temporal bone squamous region has a what kind of process
|
zygomatic, extends towards and articulates with the zygomatic bone of the face. together make cheekbones
|
|
the temporal bone external acoustic meatus is an
|
opening int he tympanic region that leads to the middle and inner ear cavities
|
|
what is the temporomandibular joint
|
jaw joint
|
|
the condylar process of the lower jaw fits
|
into a depression in the temporal bone the mandibular fossa
CREATES TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JAW JOINT
|
|
temporal styloid process
|
attachment site for muscles of tongue and pharynx
|
|
temporal mastoid process
|
attachment site for some neck muscles
|
|
what re the 3 ossicles in the middle ear
|
1-malleus
2-incus
3-stapes
sound waves cause vibrations that are transmitted to the inner ear
|
|
where is the occipital bone located
|
posterior the cranium and cranial base
|
|
foramen magnum
|
large opening in the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass and connect with the brain
|
|
what are the occipital condyles
|
where the skull articulates with the first neck vertebrae called the at leas, allows head to move on the neck
|
|
sphenoid bone is
|
large and wing shaped
|
|
spend bone landmark
|
sella turcica-bony depression that holds the pituitary glands
|
|
important about the sphenoid bone
|
only cranial bone that a reticulates with every other cranial bone
|
|
where is the ethmoid bone located
|
anterior to the sphenoid
|
|
ethmoid bone
|
takes up most of the area between the nasal cavity and the orbits.
forms some boundaries of the nasal cavity, also separates nasal cavity from the brain
|
|
ethmoid bone cribriform plates
|
helps form the roof of nasal cavities and has foramina that allows the passage of olfactory nerves into brain
|
|
ethmoid bone crista galli
|
attaches to the cribriform plate; separates nasal cavity from brain, site of attachment for brain membrane (dura mater)
|
|
ethmoid perpendicular plate
|
projects downward and forms the superior part of the nasal septum
|
|
ethmoidal labyrinth (inside nasal cavity)
|
part of the ethmoid bone, composed of air cells and passages, very light and porous within the nasal cavity
|
|
formed from part of the ethmoidal labyrinth
|
superior and middle nasal conchae (thin scrolls of bone covered in vascularized epithelium)
|
|
what re the lateral walls of the nasal cavity made up of
|
nasal bones
nasal conchae (superior, middle inferior)
frontal process of maxillae
perpendicular plate of palantines
|
|
what is formed by palatine process of maxillae, horizontal plate of palatine
|
floor of nasal cavity=hard palate
|
|
how many bones are in the face
|
14
|
|
what are the bones of the face
|
1-madible (unpaired)
2-vomer (unpaired)
3- nasals (2)
4- lacrimals (2)
5-maxillae (2)
6-zygomatics (2)
7-palatine (2)
8-inferior nasal conchae (2)
|
|
lacrimal bones
(paired)
|
groove in bone is part of lacrimal fossa, fossa contains lacrimal sac which makes tears
|
|
nasal bones (paired)
|
form bridge of nose attach to cartilages that form nose
|
|
zygomatic bones
(paired)
|
form cheekbones
|
|
maxillae bone (paired)
|
upper jaw
|
|
mandible bone
(unpaired)
|
lower jaw
|
|
maxillary bones articulate with
|
all other facial bones except the mandible
|
|
maxilla alveolar process
|
contains teeth
|
|
maxilla frontal processes
|
extend upward to reach frontal bone
|
|
maxilla zygomatic processes
|
articulate with zygomatic bone
|
|
maxilla infraorbital foramen
|
provides passage for the infraorbital artery, vein and nerve
|
|
what is the function of the orbit
|
supports the eyes and muscles that move the eyes there is a lot of fat and tear producing glands
|
|
Orbit Walls Formed By
|
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Maxillary
Palatine
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
|
|
what consists of the cranial base
|
maxilla
vomer
palatine
|
|
vomer forms the
|
inferior portion of the nasal septum
|
|
hard palate is composed of
|
ventral maxillary bones, palatine bone
|
|
what is a cleft palate
|
failure of the 2 sides of the palate to join medially during development.
severity varies
|
|
characteristic of mandible
|
largest and strongest bone of the face
|
|
mandible condylar process articulates with
|
the temporal bone to form tmj
|
|
mandible coronoid process serves as a
|
attachment site for the temporal is (major chewing) muscle
|
|
mandibular notch is between
|
condylar process and coronoid process
|
|
body of the mandible contains the
|
lower teeth
|
|
mandibular symphysis (not visible)
|
where two halves of the body join to form thechin
|
|
mental foramen
|
opening below the teeth for vessels/nerve, on medial surface of jaw
|
|
fetal cranium size
|
huge relative to face
age 2-3/4 adult size
6-13- face grows outward and develops more adult portions
|
|
what is a hyoid
|
free floating bone in neck inferior to mandible
acts as base for tongue, site of muscle attachment for muscles that move in the larynx
|
|
hyoid is the only bone in skeleton that
|
does not articulate with any other bone
|
|
how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column
|
26
|
|
how many cervicle vertebrae are in the vertebral column
|
7
|
|
how many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column
|
12
|
|
how many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column
|
5
|
|
how many sacral vertebrae are in the vertebral column
|
5
will fuse into 1
|
|
how many coccyx vertebrae are in the vertebral column
|
4
will fuse into 1
|
|
what is the function of the vertebral column
|
1-protects the spinal cord
2-supports body axis
3-attachment point for ribs and muscles of neck and back
4-anchor pectoral and pelvic girdles
|
|
in a "typical" vertebra the vertebral arch surrounds and is composed of what
|
surrounds the vertebral foramen and the arch is composed of lamina and pedicles
|
|
"typical" vertebra spinous and transverse processes
|
attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
|
|
"typical" vertebra articular processes and facets are
|
areas where vertebrae articulate (joints)
|
|
"typical" vertebra vertebral arch/vertebra
|
protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves passing through the vertebral foramen
|
|
spinal nerves exit between what two things via what
|
between the body of the vertebra and the neural arch via
intervertebral foramen
|
|
what is a laminectomy
|
in some cases the only option or severe pain is to remove the lamina of 1 or more vertebrae. this takes pressure off the spinal cord and pain is relieved
|
|
all cervicle vertebrae have a
|
transverse foramen for blood vessels
|
|
what is c1 and c2 of the cervical vertebrae
|
c1-atlas
c2-axis
|
|
characteristic of atlas
|
very reduced, does not have a body or spinous process
|
|
the atlas articulates with
|
occipital condyles, enables flexion, extension of head (nodding yes)
|
|
axis has very large dens that articulate with
|
atlas, enables side to side movement
|
|
transverse foramen is only present in what vertebrae
|
cervical
|
|
all thoracic vertebrae have what type of process
|
transverse processes with rib facets to articulate with ribs
|
|
thoracic vertebrae are
|
long narrow spinous processes for muscle attachment
|
|
only thoracic vertebrae have
|
ribs
|
|
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
|
weight from body focuses here so it is strong and sturdy
pedicales and laminae are short and thick
spinous processes are short and flat here-very capable of resisting
|
|
the transverse process of lumbar vertebra is
|
smaller and there are no facets
|
|
sacrum
|
5 fused vertebrae forms posterior wall of pelvis.
|
|
sacrum: ala
|
lateral sacrum articulate with hip bones to form sacroiliac joints
|
|
coccyx
|
3-5 fused vertebra
tail bones
|
|
antero-posterior curves
|
increases the resilience of the spine (add flexibility and springiness) also position gravity over long axis
|
|
kyphosis
|
excessive curvature of thoracic spine
|
|
lordosis
|
excessive curvature of lumbar spine (beer belly, pregnant)
|
|
role of intervertebral disc in spine
|
fusion between the vertebrae, resist compression
|
|
what is the center of the intervetebral disc
|
nucleus pulposus
|
|
outer region of intervetebral disc
|
annulus fibrosus
|
|
the thoracic cage includes the
|
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum
costal cartilages
|
|
the thoracic cage protects
|
heart, lungs, other organs
|
|
the thoracic cage supports
|
pectoral girdle and provides attachment points
|
|
intercostal spaces of the thoracic cage
|
hold muscles that aid in breathing
|
|
what are the three bones of the sternum
|
1-manubrium-top
2-body-longer part
3-xiphoid process-little small knob
|
|
the sternum articulates with
|
clavicles
ribs and costal cartilages
|
|
function of rib cage
|
protect internal organs, aid in respiration
|
|
how many ribs are there
|
12 pairs
|
|
how are ribs attached
|
posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
|
|
ribs 1-7
|
true ribs
attach to sternum by costal cartilages
flexibility
|
|
ribs 8-12
|
false ribs do not have direct attachment to sternum
|
|
floating ribs
|
11 and 12 do not attach anteriorly at all
|
|
main part of the rib
|
shaft (body)
|
|
rib articulates with the vertebra at the
|
head and tubercle
|
|
head of rib has two
|
demifacets-one articulates with body one articulates on the body of the vertebra superior to it
|
|
rib tubercle
|
articulates with a facet on the transverse process of the vertebrae
|
Study Guide: Exam 6