CHEM 1100: EXAM 1
80 Cards in this Set
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shifting baselines
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the idea that what people expect as "normal" on our planet has changed over time, especially in regards to ecosystems
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renewable resources
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those that are replenished more quickly over time than they are being consumed
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renewable resources
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those that are replenished more quickly over time than they are being consumed
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nonrenewable resources
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those that have a limited supply or are consumed more quickly than they are produced
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sustainability
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"meeting the needs to the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
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4 targets of sustainability
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- integrate the principle of sustainable development
- reverse biodiversity loss
- half the proportion of the population without sustainable access to drinking water
- significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
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triple bottom line
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profits, people, the planet; three-way measure of the success of a business based on its benefits to the economy, to society, and to the environment
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cradle to grave
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the approach to analyzing the life cycle of an item
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cradle to cradle
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a regenerative approach in which the end of the life cycle of one item dovetails with the beginning of the lifecycle of another
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ecological footprint
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a means of estimating the biologically productive space (land and water) necessary to support a particular standard of living or lifestyle
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green chemistry
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the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances
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6 key ideas to green chemistry
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-prevent waste
- minimize the amount of materials used
- use and generate substances that are not toxic
- use less energy
- use renewable materials
- design materials that degrade the end of their useful life
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percent
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parts per hundred
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ppm
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parts per million
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ppb
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parts per billion
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carbon monoxide (CO)
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bas gas, no color, taste, or smell
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Ozone (O3)
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bad gas; sharp odor
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
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bad gas, sharp unpleasant odor
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Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
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bad gasses; characteristic brown color
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Particulate Matter (PM)
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originates from many sources including dust, power plants, and vehicle engines
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scientific notation
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a system for writing numbers as the product of a number times 10 raised to the appropriate power
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risk assessment
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the process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome
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toxicity
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the intrinsic health hazard of a substance
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exposure
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the amount of the substance encountered
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troposphere
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the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live that lies directly above the surface of the earth
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matter
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takes up space, has a mass (solid, liquid, gas)
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pure substances
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can't be separated by physical means
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element
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically; found on the periodic table
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mixtures
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can be broken down physically by either filter or evaporation; made by combining two or more purse substances; has variable composition
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compound
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a pure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination
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chemical symbols
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one or two letter abbreviations for an element
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Periodic table
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organizes elements by atomic number; periodic= repeating pattern
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rows:
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periods
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columns
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groups
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metals
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elements are shiny and conduct electricity and heat well
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metalloids
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elements that lie between metals and non-metals
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nonmetals
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do not conduct heat or electricity; have no one characteristic appearance
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Halogens
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reactive nonmetals; group 7A
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noble gasses
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inert elements; group 8A
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water mass %
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11% hydrogen
89% oxygen
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molecule
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a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain special relationship
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atom
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the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity
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how to get a different molecule
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-change atoms
-change number of elements
-change arrangement
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NH3
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ammonia
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combustion
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the chemical process of burning, that is, the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light
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chemical reaction
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a process whereby substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products; rearrangement of atoms; bonds are broken and are formed
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chemical equation
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a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas; "the thing with an arrow in it"
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the law of conservation of matter and mass
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atoms are neither created or destroyed; matter and mass are conserved in a chemical reaction = the number of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal
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catalyst
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a chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate without itself undergoing permanent change
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tragedy of the commons
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a resource is common to all and used by many but has no one in particular responsible for it
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allotrope
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different form of the same element, differ in structure and properties
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nucleus
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a miniscule and highly dense center of an atom
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protons
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positively charged particles located in the nucleus; 2000x the size of an electron
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neutrons
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electrically neutral particles located in the nucleus; 2000x the size of an electron
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electrons
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negatively charged particles; orbit the atom's nucleus; very tiny
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neutral atom
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no charge; the # of protons is = to the # of electrons;
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nuclons
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protons and neutrons; the number of particles in the nucleus
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ion
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the same element with a different number of electrons; have a charge
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isotope
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the same element with a different number of neutrons
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Atomic Number
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(Z) number of protons (not the same as mass number)
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Mass Number (A)
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number of nuclons (protons + neutrons)
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change the number of protons
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change identity
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change the number of neutrons
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isotope
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change the number of electrons
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ion
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valence electrons
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found in the highest energy level (large atoms have many energy levels); involved in reactions; determine chemical properties
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covalent bond
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shared electrons
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lewis structure
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a representation of an atom or molecule that shows its outer electrons
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structural formula
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a representation of how the atoms in a molecule are connected
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Octet rule
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atoms prefer to have 8 electrons; shared or unshared; common exceptions are H and HE (there are others)
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single bond
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when two electrons (one pair) are shared between two atoms
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double bond
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when 4 electrons (2 pairs) are shared between two atoms
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triple bond
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when 6 electrons (3 pairs) are shared between two atoms
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wavelength
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the distance between two successive peaks
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frequency
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the number of waves passing a fixed point in one second
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Chapman Cycle
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if nothing messes with this cycle; ozone remains constant
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consequences of radiation depend on
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the energy of the radiation
the time of exposure
the sensitivity of the organism
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melanoma
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deadliest form of skin cancer; linked with intensity and latitude in which you live
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reasons for skin cancer
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ozone depletion- partly responsible
geographic location
outdoor activity?
tanning beds
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reasons for skin cancer
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ozone depletion- partly responsible
geographic location
outdoor activity?
tanning beds
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O3 decline is due to:
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-natural fluctuations
-seasonal variations in UV intensity
-sunspot activity cycles (1-2% effect)
-wind
-random fluctuations
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CHEM 110O: EXAM 3