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CHEM 1100: EXAM 1
shifting baselines |
the idea that what people expect as "normal" on our planet has changed over time, especially in regards to ecosystems |
renewable resources |
those that are replenished more quickly over time than they are being consumed |
renewable resources |
those that are replenished more quickly over time than they are being consumed |
nonrenewable resources |
those that have a limited supply or are consumed more quickly than they are produced |
sustainability |
"meeting the needs to the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" |
4 targets of sustainability |
- integrate the principle of sustainable development
- reverse biodiversity loss
- half the proportion of the population without sustainable access to drinking water
- significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers |
triple bottom line |
profits, people, the planet; three-way measure of the success of a business based on its benefits to the economy, to society, and to the environment |
cradle to grave |
the approach to analyzing the life cycle of an item |
cradle to cradle |
a regenerative approach in which the end of the life cycle of one item dovetails with the beginning of the lifecycle of another |
ecological footprint |
a means of estimating the biologically productive space (land and water) necessary to support a particular standard of living or lifestyle |
green chemistry |
the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances |
6 key ideas to green chemistry |
-prevent waste
- minimize the amount of materials used
- use and generate substances that are not toxic
- use less energy
- use renewable materials
- design materials that degrade the end of their useful life |
percent |
parts per hundred |
ppm |
parts per million |
ppb |
parts per billion |
carbon monoxide (CO) |
bas gas, no color, taste, or smell |
Ozone (O3) |
bad gas; sharp odor |
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) |
bad gas, sharp unpleasant odor |
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) |
bad gasses; characteristic brown color |
Particulate Matter (PM) |
originates from many sources including dust, power plants, and vehicle engines |
scientific notation |
a system for writing numbers as the product of a number times 10 raised to the appropriate power |
risk assessment |
the process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome |
toxicity |
the intrinsic health hazard of a substance |
exposure |
the amount of the substance encountered |
troposphere |
the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live that lies directly above the surface of the earth |
matter |
takes up space, has a mass (solid, liquid, gas) |
pure substances |
can't be separated by physical means |
element |
a pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically; found on the periodic table |
mixtures |
can be broken down physically by either filter or evaporation; made by combining two or more purse substances; has variable composition |
compound |
a pure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination |
chemical symbols |
one or two letter abbreviations for an element |
Periodic table |
organizes elements by atomic number; periodic= repeating pattern |
rows: |
periods |
columns |
groups |
metals |
elements are shiny and conduct electricity and heat well |
metalloids |
elements that lie between metals and non-metals |
nonmetals
|
do not conduct heat or electricity; have no one characteristic appearance |
Halogens |
reactive nonmetals; group 7A |
noble gasses |
inert elements; group 8A |
water mass % |
11% hydrogen
89% oxygen |
molecule |
a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain special relationship |
atom |
the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity |
how to get a different molecule |
-change atoms
-change number of elements
-change arrangement |
NH3 |
ammonia |
combustion |
the chemical process of burning, that is, the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light |
chemical reaction |
a process whereby substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products; rearrangement of atoms; bonds are broken and are formed |
chemical equation |
a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas; "the thing with an arrow in it" |
the law of conservation of matter and mass |
atoms are neither created or destroyed; matter and mass are conserved in a chemical reaction = the number of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal
|
catalyst |
a chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate without itself undergoing permanent change
|
tragedy of the commons
|
a resource is common to all and used by many but has no one in particular responsible for it |
allotrope |
different form of the same element, differ in structure and properties |
nucleus |
a miniscule and highly dense center of an atom |
protons |
positively charged particles located in the nucleus; 2000x the size of an electron |
neutrons |
electrically neutral particles located in the nucleus; 2000x the size of an electron |
electrons |
negatively charged particles; orbit the atom's nucleus; very tiny |
neutral atom |
no charge; the # of protons is = to the # of electrons; |
nuclons |
protons and neutrons; the number of particles in the nucleus |
ion |
the same element with a different number of electrons; have a charge |
isotope |
the same element with a different number of neutrons |
Atomic Number |
(Z) number of protons (not the same as mass number) |
Mass Number (A) |
number of nuclons (protons + neutrons) |
change the number of protons |
change identity |
change the number of neutrons |
isotope |
change the number of electrons
|
ion |
valence electrons |
found in the highest energy level (large atoms have many energy levels); involved in reactions; determine chemical properties |
covalent bond |
shared electrons |
lewis structure |
a representation of an atom or molecule that shows its outer electrons |
structural formula |
a representation of how the atoms in a molecule are connected |
Octet rule |
atoms prefer to have 8 electrons; shared or unshared; common exceptions are H and HE (there are others) |
single bond |
when two electrons (one pair) are shared between two atoms |
double bond |
when 4 electrons (2 pairs) are shared between two atoms |
triple bond |
when 6 electrons (3 pairs) are shared between two atoms |
wavelength |
the distance between two successive peaks |
frequency |
the number of waves passing a fixed point in one second |
Chapman Cycle
|
if nothing messes with this cycle; ozone remains constant |
consequences of radiation depend on |
the energy of the radiation
the time of exposure
the sensitivity of the organism |
melanoma |
deadliest form of skin cancer; linked with intensity and latitude in which you live |
reasons for skin cancer |
ozone depletion- partly responsible
geographic location
outdoor activity?
tanning beds
|
reasons for skin cancer
|
ozone depletion- partly responsible
geographic location
outdoor activity?
tanning beds
|
O3 decline is due to: |
-natural fluctuations
-seasonal variations in UV intensity
-sunspot activity cycles (1-2% effect)
-wind
-random fluctuations |