CHEM 110O: EXAM 3
55 Cards in this Set
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What happens ins a Galvanic Cell?
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It goes for chemical to electrical
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What happens in an Electrolytic Cell?
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It goes from electrical to chemical
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If you see the words "acid" or "base" what does that most likely mean?
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It is an electrolite and something is charged
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What does OIL RIG stand for?
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OIL=Oxidation is Loss
RIG=reduction is gain
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If electrons are on the right side what kind of reaction is it?
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Oxidation
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What happens in a cathode? and anode?
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cathode=reduction occurs (e- are gained)
anode=oxidation occurs (e- are lost)
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What is the main purpose of a Salt Bride?
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To transfer ions
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What is in an Alkaline Battery?
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zinc and potassium hydroxide
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What about Pb-Acid?
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It is long lasting, it is rechargeable, it is a power starter, alternator recharges, and it is toxic.
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How can we improve batteries?
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Have a safe disposal--> phase out mercury and lead. Make them lighter more dependable, rechargeable
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What are the macrominerals?
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Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, Cl
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What do fuel cells do?
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-force H+ through the membranne and e- through the wire.
-there is no flame it is electrical -unused H2 or O2 can be put back in
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Fuel Cell Cars
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-there is no nitrogen, or CO2 emissions
-there is no recharging -they are expensive
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What are the problems in Methonal Fuel Cells?
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-CO2, CO production
-They have a fuel crossover -expensive
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What are sources of H2?
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-Hydrogen is on =e of the most plentiful elements
-it is very reactive -it must be extracted
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How can you store and transport H2?
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- use heavy, pressurized cylinders
-transport using energy -liquify to 253 degrees celcius
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How can you store H2 into other forms?
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-absorb in carbon
-react to make mental hydrides -make ammonia
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What is good about electrical car batteries?
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-they are lead storage batteries so no pollutants are released and they don't need fuel.
-NiMH and Li-ion--> they are lighter and get better mileage they last the life of a vehicle, and they quickly recharge
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Hybrid cars
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it has two engines--a gas engine and a NiMh/Li-ion engine
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Photovoltaics
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-It is a method of generating power by the use of sunlight
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What are the problems of semiconductors
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-it has expensive refinement
-low efficiency
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What are the developments of semi-conductors
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-using non-crystalline silicon--decreases the costs and increases efficiency.
-"doping silicon"--combine with other materials
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What is Doped Silicon?
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-It is easier to make current--lower energy photons
-new materials begin developing
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As (Arsenic) Ga (Gallium)
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as-- "extra" e- (n-type)
Ga-- e-"deficient" (p-type)
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Polymer (sythetic) (natural)
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polymer--chain of atoms
Synthetic--polyesters and nylons natural--silk, cotton, DNA
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Monomers
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single units
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What are the "Big Six"
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Polyethylene (LDPE)
Polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinyl Chloride Polystyrene Polypropylene Polyethylene terephthalate or PETE
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CH3
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Methyl
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OH
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hydroxyl or alcohol
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-cooh
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carboxylic acid
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-cooc-
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ester
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-NH2
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amine
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-C6H5
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Phenyl
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PETE
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What comes out of this it is different from the other 5 in the Big 6
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What is styrofoam?
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A polystyrene
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Polyamide
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-Polymers of Amino Acids
-contains peptides and proteins -linked by a peptide bond
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What is the difference between Starch and Cellulose
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Cellulose is stronger
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Where does plastic come from?
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Petroleum is burned and 3% is plastics
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Paper or Plastic? and why?
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Plastic because it is non biodegradable, and you can use it when recycling
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Incineration
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uses hydrocarbons and has low environmental damage
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Lipids
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-They are insoluble in water
-they are the fats largest subgroup
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Saturated Fats
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there are no C=C bonds
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Unsaturated fats
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do have C=C bonds
(more than one C=C bond--polyunsaturated)
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Hydrogenation
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Less saturated-->more saturated
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What is it when H atoms are are on the same side as the double bond? opposite side?
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-same side=cis
-opposite=trans
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Monosaccharides
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they are the simplest sugars-->one ring
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Glycosidic Bonds
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links mono saccharides
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amylose starch chain
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straight chain
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amylopectin starch chain
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branched chain
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How are proteins lined up
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they are structural
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Peptide Bond
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-It is an amide bond
-connects carboxyliv acid to amino group
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What is important about the sequence of Amino Acids?
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must be in the correct order because the order effects the structure
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What is unique about the structure of proteins?
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4 orginizational levels
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
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Basal Metabollism Rate
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-Minimum Calories expended
-nothing but resting
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Low Carb Diets
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deplete glycogen
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CHEM 110O: EXAM 3