100 Cards in this Set
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Importance of studying child development
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Early experience shape later experiences
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Domains of Development
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Physical, Cognitive, and Social-Emotional
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Physical domain of development
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Biological changes, integration of sensory and motor information
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Cognitive domain of development
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Thinking, understanding, reasoning
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Social-Emotional domain of development
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Connections/Emotions
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Nature v. Nurture-what is nature
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Genetic make-up, biological
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Nature v. Nurture-what is nurture
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Environment
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David Reimer
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His circumcision was botched, parents decided to cut off his penis and raise him as a girl. He always felt different and ended up killing himself. Genetic make-up had a bigger influence than his environment.
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Developmental Psychopathology
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Distortions of normal development result in a disorder. Needs to be an understanding of what is "normal development."
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Equifinality
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Multiple pathways leading to one outcome.
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Multifinality
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One pathway with multiple outcomes.
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Research aims to...
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Generalize findings
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Individuals are defined by their....
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risk and protective factors
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Risk Factors
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Increase likelihood of outcome
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Protective Factors
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Decrease likelihood of outcome
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Active niche picking child's role
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Seeking compatible and stimulating environments.
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Types of Research
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Basic and Applied
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Basic Research
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Adds to understanding of development, refines theories
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Applied Research
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Makes immediate changes to life
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Hypothesis
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Prediction based of theoretical ideas or observations
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Scientific Method
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Process of forming and testing a hypothesis
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Operationalization
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Ability to measure a concept
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Interrater reliability
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Reliability between experimenters.
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Internal Consistency
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Reliability between separate test items.
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Validity
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A test measures what it ought to
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Face Validity
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Appearing to measure what it ought to
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External Validity
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To what degree can findings be generalized
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Internal Valididty
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Cause and effect determined
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Generalizability
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The ability to expand the results to a population
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Population
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Everyone in the category being studied
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Sample
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Reflects the population
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Norm
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The average/typical performance of an age group
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Performance Tests
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Requires child to do something
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Achievement Standardized Test
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Academic skills
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Ability Standardized Test
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Intellect
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Personality Standardized Test
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Evaluates thoughts, emotions etc...
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Projective Standardized Test
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Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli (Ink blot tests)
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Neuropsychosocial Standardized Test
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Asses functioning to identify problems or disorders
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EEG
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Electroensephalogram measures electrical activity
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ERP
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Event-related potential electrical response to stimuli
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MRI
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Picture of brain structures
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fMRI
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Functional MRI tracks blood flow in brain
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Archival Records
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Data collected by others
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Case Studies
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Comprehensive review of a single case
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Experimental Group
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Receives the IV
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Control Group
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Baseline
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Random Assignment
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Ensures generalizability/reliability
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Independent Variable
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What is changed
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Dependent Variable
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What is measured
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Quasi Experiment
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Natural occurring phenomenon, control everything but group assignment. Ex. spanking
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Correlation
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Relationship, does not mean causation
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Longitudinal Research
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Follows one group over time
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Attrition
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Loss of participants
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Sample Bias
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Less representative
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Cross-Sectional Research
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Multiple age groups, one measurement at a time
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Cohort Effect
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Differences between groups
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Cross-Sequential
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Longitudinal and Cross sectional, multiple age groups, measure over time
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Meta-Analysis
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Combines data from different sides
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Folk Wisdom
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Widely accepted facts without scientific support
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Intervention
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Treatment of an identified problem
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Theory
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Basic principles, organize observations, help us understand and predict
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Developmental Theories
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How change happens (qualitative/quantitative), why change happens/or stays constant
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Freud, conscious v. unconscious mind
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Id
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Basic Drives
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Ego
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Real world
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Superego
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Conscience
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Oral Psychoanalytic Theory Stage
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Birth-18 months, mouth
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Anal Psychoanalytic Theory Stage
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18 months-3 years, anus
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Phallic Psychoanalytic Theory Stage
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3-6 years, Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex
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Latency Psychoanalytic Theory Stage
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6-12 years, sex drive disappears
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Genital Psychoanalytic Theory Stage
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12+ years, genitals, sexual interest in peers emerges
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Erik Erikson
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Focused on the ego (identity), psychosocial stages
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Behaviorism
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Focus on observable behavior, response to external stimuli, environment shapes personality
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Tabula Rasa
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Kids are a blank slate
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Classical Conditioning
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Pairing together two stimuli to provoke a response
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Operant Conditioning
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Positive Response reinforce our behavior
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Scheduled Reinforcement
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Determinant of when a reinforcement was given
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Interval Schedule
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Reinforcement is given after a period of time
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Ratio
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Reinforcement given after a number of behaviors
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Fixed Interval
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Reinforcement given after fixed periods of time
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Variable
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Reinforcement given after different periods of time
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Social Cognitive Theory's Founder
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Albert Bandura
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Social Cognitive Theory
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Learning through imitation, attention to a model, ability to act, motivation, generalization, self-efficacy
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Cognitive Development Theory's Founder
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Jean Piaget
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Cognitive Developmental Theory
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Constant adaptation to the environment
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Schema
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Cognitive developmental theory, environmental framework
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Assimilation
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Fitting new info into an existing schema.
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Accommodation
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Making a new schema
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Equilibrium
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Resolving Dissonance
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Constructivism
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Active understanding of the world
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Individual is capable of with help from experienced individual
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Scaffolding
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Help until able to stand on their own
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Ethology
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Study of animal behavior in natural environment
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Sociobiology
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Social behavior is the result of genetic adaptations
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Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
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Preparation for adult life, specific life circumstances
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Microsystem
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Ecological Theory, immediate environment and face to face interactions
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Mesosystems
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Ecological Theory, interaction of the settings of microsystem
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Exosystems
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External settings
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Macrosystem
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Culture
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Chronosystem
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Change and stability over time
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PRE 305: Final