PRE 305 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last LectureI. Child Development as a Field of StudyA. Purpose of studying child developmentB. Domains of DevelopmentC. Key IssuesD. Evaluating information about child developmentOutline of Current Lecture I. Research MethodsA. What is research?B. The scientific methodC. Elements of researchD. Methods of data collectionE. Types of research designsF. Research EthicsCurrent LectureWhat is research? - Research: the process of asking questions and finding answers using the scientific methodThe scientific method:- Choose a questions- Formulate a hypothesis- Develop a method for testing your hypothesis- Use data to draw a conclusion about the hypothesisElements of research:- Theory: an idea that is meant to explain facts or observations- Hypothesis: an educated guess that is often based on a theory- Evidence: the data used to test a hypothesis- Reliability: consistency in measurement- Validity: are you measuring what you think you are measuring?- Reliability and validity are important because if you do not have a reliable and valid measure, you will not be able to collect accurate data to test your hypothesisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Sample: participants in your study- Population: who you want to generalize the results toMethods of data collection:- Interviews: can include open-ended or close-ended questions- Surveys- Observations: can be naturalistic (observing a child in their natural environment), or structured (forcing a specific situation that you want to observe to occur)- Physiological measures: brain rate, brain imaging, heart rate, hormonesTypes of research designs:- Experiments: contain experimental and control groups, random assignment- Correlational designs: the researcher does not manipulate anything, they simply examine the relationship between variables - Correlation does not equal causation!- Change over time1. Cross-sectional studies: people of different ages observed at one time2. Longitudinal studies: same person or people studied over timeResearch ethics: - Conducting ethical research1. Protecting from harm2. Privacy and confidentiality3. Informed consent4. Role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)- Peer Review- Observation and interpretation- Generalizability- Scope- Individuals and