52 Cards in this Set
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POVERTY
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CHAPTER 6 - MOONEY
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Define and critique measures of poverty; What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty?
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Poverty: the lack of resources necessary for material well-being: food, water, housing, land and healthcare.
-General definition of poverty is too vague and not inclusive that there are psychological poverty, freedoms, and liberties.
Absolute poverty: refers to the lack of resources t…
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Explain the measures of deprivation under the Human Poverty Index (HPI-1 & HPI-2)
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Indication of the standard of living in a country developed by the United Nations.
HPI concentrates on the deprivation of three essentials of human life, longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.
(HPI-1) is for developing countries
- Probability at birth of not surviv…
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How is poverty measured internationally? World Bank's poverty threshold; calories per day; median household income
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HPI-1 Developing Countries
Longevity- probability of not surviving to age 40
Knowledge- adult illiteracy
Decent Standard living- based on: % w/o safe water, % w/o health services, % of underweight children
HPI-2 Industrialized Countries
Longevity- probability of not surviving to ag…
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How is the US poverty threshold measured?
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Longevity-
-Based on food: the cost of food x 3
-Based on how much you make, pre tax income. It doesn't account for taxes you pay or state/geographical location which causes the cost of living to vary by location
-In the US, food costs less than housing costs (mortgage, rent, etc) …
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What is the distinction between "poor", "near poor", and "deep poverty"?
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"Poor:" anyone living in a household with pretax income below the official poverty line.
"Near Poor:" individuals living in households with incomes that are above the poverty line, but not much
"Deep poverty:"Below 50% of the poverty line also known as severe poverty
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What are the criticisms of the US poverty threshold?
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It doesn't take into account food stamps, Medicaid, housing and child care assistance. It doesn't reflect the variation in the cost of living from state to state rural vs urban areas.
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Describe the extent of global poverty and economic inequality.
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There has been an increase in the earning of the top 20% by triple, an increase by 11% in for the middle 20% and decreased for the bottom 20%. The US has the highest degree of income inequality and highest rate of poverty than any other industrialized nation. The richest one percent of a…
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What are the MERITS and DEMERITS of globalization?
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Merits-
1. Increases free trade
2. Global Mass Media Ties World Together
3.Eradicates Cultural Barriers
4. Reduction of war
Demerits-
1. Decrease Environmental Integrity
2. The Seek For Cheap Labor
3. Limits Cultural Expressions: mass media being controlled by huge corporations
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Explain sociological theories of economic inequality.
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Structural functionalist perspective--
-Explain how institutional breakdown creates a culture of poverty:
-Know the characteristics and criticisms of a culture of poverty:
-Explain ways in which economic inequality can be beneficial to society
Conflict perspective--
-The mechanism…
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Describe and explain economic inequality within the US and the reasons accounting for this inequality
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The US is the greatest degree of income inequality and highest rate of poverty of any industrialized nation. 1/3 of all the the richest 1% of individuals reside in US.
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Explain and list the consequences of economic inequality within and between countries
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...
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What are the variations of poverty by socio-economic characteristics (age, gender, race, and family structure)?
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Whites are richer than African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos. Median net worth is higher amongst white Americans over African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos.
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What are the structural strategies for Action? (go in depth)
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Government Public Assistance and Welfare Programs in the US: (Means tested programs: programs like AFDC, TANF, food and housing assistance, Medicaid, etc.)
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What are other structural level solutions to poverty that we discussed in class (especially on the global level)
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Understanding that it is not an individual problem.
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GENDER INEQUALITY
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CHAPTER 10- MOONEY
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Sexism vs. gender vs. sex
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Sexism- belief there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and these differences represent the superiority of one group over the other
Gender: social definitions and expectations associated with being F or M, should be distinguishe…
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Top ranked country(s); where the US ranks and the lowest ranked country(s)
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1. sweden
2. Norway
3. Finland
4. Iceland
5. Germany
6. Philippines
7. New Zealand
8. Denmark
9. UK
10. Ireland
23. US
106. Mauritania
107. Morocco
108. Iran
109. Egypt
110. Benin
111. Nepal
112. Pakistan
113. Chad
114. Saudi Arabia
115. Yemen
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Forms of discrimination against women in the US
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things that limit women from making same income as men (maternity leave)
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Forms of discrimination against men in the US
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-prove masculinity
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Sociological theories of gender inequality
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Structural functionalist:
Division of labor in pre-industrial society- why is it functional and less functional?
Conflict:
shaped by relationships men and women have to production process
-various production processes: hunting/gathering societies, agricultural, industrial modes of …
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Define structural sexism
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The ways in which the org. of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification.
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Explain various forms of structural sexism: education, work, occupation, income, politics, etc
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Worldwide, women are less likely than men to be literate.
In the US, men are more likely to have doctorate degrees.
Women are socialized to choose marriage and motherhood over career prep.
Structural limitation that discourage women from advancing in the educational career.
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Glass elevator effect
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intersectionality- race and sex play a part in it
Ex. if you're a male working in a predominately female job, you move up faster
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Glass ceiling effect:
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invisible barriers that limit women's advancement into upper levels of management
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Human capital hypothesis
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women have a lack of experience in workforce so ,men get paid more
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Motherhood penalty
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tendency for women with kids to be disadvantaged in hiring, wages, and the like compared to women without kids
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Cultural sexism
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Ways in which the culture of society perpetuates the subordination of an individual or group based on the sex classification of that individual or group---Mali, SW Africa, SE Asia have infanticide (child brides). China &INdia have sex selected abortion
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Explain forms of cultural sexism
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Culture of society (norms, values, beliefs, symbols) perpetuates subordination based on sex classification
family
household division of labor
School and sexism
Media, religion,
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RACE AND ETHNICITY
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CHAPTER 9-MOONEY
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Characteristics of a minority group
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category of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society and who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination
-membership in a minority come through birth (ascribed status) and is not voluntary (achieved status)
-Physical characteristic…
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Characteristics of a dominant group
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group that has more power, privileges and higher social status can be either higher or smaller in #s than a minority group
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Minority vs. Dominant group
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A category of people with unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society who tend to be be target of prejudice and discrimination.
Not based on numerical representation but on social status.
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Concepts behind the social construction of race
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"the actual meaning of race lies not in people's physical characteristics, but in the historical treatment of different groups and the significance that society gives to what is believed to differentiate so called racial groups" (Higginbotham & Anderson) 2012.
vary from place, culture…
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Assimilation
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The dominant group absorbs the minority group.
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Acculturation
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"Forced assimilation"
The minority group adopts the culture of the dominant group.
Ex. Immigrants adopting the English language in the U.S.
Ex. In the Soviet Union, Russians banned Armenian religion, language and other distinctive customs.
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Pluralism
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The dominant group encourages racial-ethnic variation, when successful there is no longer a dominant group.
I.E. In the US, there is a hands-off policy towards immigrant associations and foreign language newspapers (because it makes profit).
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Population Transfer
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The dominant group expels the minority group.
I.E. Facing eh bitter conditions of czarist Russia, millions of Jews chose to leave
(Indirectly)
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Amalgamation
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the action or process of combining or unifying
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Segregation
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The dominant group structures social institutions to maintain minimum contact with minority groups.
Ex. During the period of Apartheid in South Africa, between 1948 and 1990, a small number of whites controlled the nation and blacks were used as cheap labor and a social distance was m…
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Colonialism
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The dominant group exploits the minority group.
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Genocide
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The dominant group tries to destroy the minority group.
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Secession
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Wanting cultural and political independence, the minority group seeks to separate itself and form a nation
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Militancy
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Convinced of its own superiority, the minority wants a reversal in status and seeks to dominate society.
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Sociological theories of racial inequality
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Structural functionalist:
-Benefits the dominant group
-Certain dirty jobs filled by the unequal
-Ethnocentrism
(Latent: unexpected of Civil Rights [black leaders] Manifest: to ensure inequality)
-Assimilation
Conflict: labor pool, get workers to fight, use power to export! [not v…
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Ethnicity vs. Race
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Ethnicity is shared cultural heritage or nationality or lineage. Can be distinguished by basis of language, forms of family structures, and roles of family members
Race is a category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially signific…
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Define discrimination and the types of discrimination
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Discrimination: actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals
1. Individual discrimination: the unfair or unequal treatment of individuals bc of their group membership
A. Overt discrimination: discrimination that occurs bc of an individual's …
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Prejudice vs. Racism
(Definition and difference)
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Prejudice: negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people
Racism: the belief that race accounts for differences in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others.
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Aversive vs. modern racism
(Definition and difference)
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Aversive racism: a subtle form of prejudice that involves feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, disgust, fear, and pro-white attitude
Modern racism: a subtle form of racism that involves the belief that serious discrimination in America no longer exists, that any continuing racial inequa…
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explain the feminization of poverty
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-women are more likely than men to live below the poverty line--- less income
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Discuss the practice of female circumcision?
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Why do they do it? whats the rationale? What can we do to stop it? What can be a trade off?
Brazil and Jordan-hijab
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What does it mean to say race is a social construction? give two examples of how the social construction of race has varied across cultures or time periods. If race is a social construct, does this mean race is meaningless?
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-Race has no meaning, socially constructed
-US Census Bureau
Hispanics are considered under the white race, but are a different ethnicity
Why is it important to bring up race in the Census?
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SOA 108: EXAM 2