53 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Poverty
|
Is defined as the lack of resources necessary for material well-being: food, water, housing, land, and health care.
|
|
Absolute Poverty
|
-lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation.
(Examples:)
-surviving on less than $1 per day
-welfare in U.S.
|
|
Relative Poverty
|
-deficiency in material and economic resources compared with some other population.
-in comparison to those around you!
|
|
Human Poverty Index (HPI)
|
Based on three measures of deprivation:
1. Deprivation of life.
2. Deprivation of knowledge.
3. Deprivation in living standards.
|
|
Human Poverty Index 1 (HPI-1)
|
*Developing Countries- poor
Longevity: probability of not living to 40
Knowledge: adult literacy
Decent Standard Living based on:
-% w/o safe water
-% w/o health services
-% of children underweight
|
|
Human Poverty Index 2 (HPI-2)
|
*Developed Countries- rich
Longevity: probability of not living to 60
Knowledge: adult functional illiteracy rate
Decent Standard Living based on:
-% living below the poverty line (50% of median income)
|
|
World Bank's poverty threshold
|
*international measurement of poverty
$1.25 a day to compare poverty in the developing world.
|
|
World Health Organization
|
*international measurement of poverty
household is considered poor if it cannot meet 80% of calorie requirements using 80% of its income to buy food
|
|
Median Household Income
|
*INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES measurement of poverty
use relative poverty measures: e.g. if household income is less than 50% of median income in that country.
|
|
How is U.S. poverty threshold measured?
|
-official poverty index (3x food cost)
-US poverty index is adjusted for inflation
-varies by # of adults and children in the family
& by age of the family head of household.
-based on pre-tax income, (poor, near poor, deep poverty)
|
|
"Poor"
|
Below official poverty line
|
|
"Near poor"
|
Above poverty line, but not much
|
|
"Deep poverty"
|
Below 50% of poverty line
|
|
Criticisms of U.S. poverty threshold
|
...
|
|
Extent of global poverty
|
- more than 1/4 of world's population relies on less than $2
- about 1.4 bil. live on less than $1.25
- 1/5 people goes hungry every day
- richest 1% own 40% global household wealth
- richest 2% own more than half of wealth
- richest 10% own 85% total global wealth
|
|
Economic inequality
|
- 2005: the top 1% of U.S. households with the highest incomes received 40% of all income (largest share of national income since 1928)
- 2010: top 20% of Americans collected 84.5% of all income
- 2005: top 300,000 Americans collectively received as much income as the bottom 150 million…
|
|
Merits of Globalization (+)
|
- cheaper production/ cost of goods
- more variety for consumers
- variety of resources
- access to much wider market
|
|
Demerits of Globalization (-)
|
- increase spread of diseases
- slavery/ poverty of undeveloped countries
- big companies face much more competition, disadvantaging smaller businesses/ owners
|
|
Economic inequalities:
Structural-Functionalist Perspective
|
- Poverty is functional
- Results from institutional breakdown
- Poverty/ inequality serve POSITIVE functions for society
(Examples:)
Low-paid, poor workers are willing to do dirty, dangerous, difficult work others refuse to do
Poverty provides work for those in "poverty industr…
|
|
Culture of Poverty
|
- poor develop norms, values, beliefs, self-concepts
- directed toward female-headed households
* lack of participation in soc. institutions
* early sex, unmarried parenthood, marginality, etc.
* these values passed on through generations
|
|
Economic Inequality:
Conflict Perspective
|
- inequality results in bourgeoisie controlling/taking advantage of proletariat
- Corporations/ wealthy buy political influence
- Free-market reform policies benefit wealthy corporations and investors, but increase poverty. (nike)
|
|
Wealthfare
|
Laws/policies that favor the rich, such as tax breaks that benefit the wealthy
|
|
Corporate Wealthfare
|
Laws/policies that benefit corporations and the wealthy.
|
|
Economic Inequality:
Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective
|
- Persons who are labeled "poor" are stigmatized as lazy; irresponsible; lacking in motivation, ability, and morals.
- Wealthy persons are viewed as capable, hard working, motivated, deserving of wealth.
- Meanings and definitions of wealth and poverty varies across and within societies…
|
|
*Poverty Statistics
|
*Feminization of poverty- women more likely to be below poverty line than men
* African Americans/ Latinos, lowest median family incomes
* Under 18- poorest
* Sub-sahara Africa, highest poverty
|
|
International Responses to Poverty:
Millennium Development Goals
|
- eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
- achieve universal primary education
- promote gender equality & empower women
- reduces child mortality
- improve maternal health
- HIV/ AIDS
|
|
Approaches Adopted to achieve MDGs
|
* promote economic growth, invest in human capital, provide financial aid and debt cancellation and micro credit programs that provide loans to poor people
|
|
Sexism
|
Belief there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or
intellectual differences between women and men and these differences represent the superiority of one group over the other.
|
|
Gender
|
he social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male, should be distinguished from sex, one's biological identity.
|
|
Sex
|
biological identity
|
|
In our class discussion, factors that explain the increase in the inequality gap in the U.S. include all of the following except for:
|
Decreases in salaries to corporate executives because of the downsizing of corporations
|
|
The poverty line is determined by multiplying ______ costs by 3
|
Food
|
|
Conflict theorists view of poverty is that:
|
It is inevitable because it is systematically maintained by those trying to preserve their class advantage
|
|
One criticism of the US poverty line is that:
|
Low-income families today spend less than one-third of their income on food
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a critique of the culture‐of‐poverty hypothesis?
|
It blames poverty on the failings of society
|
|
According to our class discussion, which of the following countries has the highest level of poverty and the greatest degree of income inequality of any industrialized nation
|
United States
|
|
Rasheema is homeless. She does not have the food, the clothing, nor shelter needed to make it through cold winter in Chicago. She is in:
|
Absolute Poverty
|
|
Which of the following is included in the official poverty calculations?
|
PreTax Income
|
|
The "feminization of poverty" refers to the
|
Higher proportion of females than males in poverty
|
|
Among the developed countries of the world, the United States has all of the following EXCEPT
|
Highest number of women in the workforce
|
|
Globalization promotes poverty by
|
A. Employees pay their workers the least possible
B. Labor surplus is maintained to keep wages low
C. It leads poor countries to borrow heavily
|
|
Tyler's corporation is failing yet he receives low interest government loans, tax reductions, and lower fines when it breaks federal regulations. Tyler's corporation is not unique, in fact it is one of many who receive what conflict theorists call:
|
Wealthfare
|
|
The structural functionalist view of poverty is that
|
It is inevitable because it emerges from the social structure
|
|
Which of the following is NOT part of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
|
Ensure democracy and good governance
|
|
In industrialized countries, national poverty lines are sometimes based on the median household income of a country's population. According to this _____ poverty measure, members of a household are considered poor if their household income is less than 50 percent of the median household i…
|
Relative
|
|
World Economic Forum (WEF) ranks countries on gender equality based 4 areas:
|
1. economic participation and opportunity,
2. educational attainment,
3. health and survival, and
4. political empowerment.
|
|
Top 10 Gender Gap Rankings (gap closed between men/women)
|
#1. Sweden (81.3%), #2. Finland, #3. Norway
#23. United States (70%)
|
|
Bottom 10 Gender Gap Rankings
|
#114. Saudi Arabia
#115. Yemen
|
|
Discrimination against WOMEN in U.S.
|
- lack of job opportunities
- 2nd shift
- physical abilities/ sports
|
|
Discrimination against MEN in U.S.
|
- women live longer than men
- higher mental illness
- higher suicide rates
- more likely to get hurt in work
|
|
Gender Inequality:
Structural-Functionalist Perspective
|
Pre-industrial society required a division of labor based on gender.
-Women nursed and cared for children.
-Men were responsible for material needs.
- This division of labor has become normal and natural
Industrialization made traditional division of labor less functional, however, th…
|
|
Gender Inequality:
Conflict Perspective
|
Male dominance and subordination shaped by relationships men and women have to the production process.
Hunting and gathering: economic equals
Industrialization: male dominated. How is this achieved?
Inheritance laws, laws that regard women as property
How about capitalist mo…
|
|
Gender Inequality:
Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective
|
Gender and gender roles are learned through socialization process.
Women are socialized into expressive roles (nurturing).
Men are socialized into instrumental roles (task oriented).
These roles are assigned at birth and gender role learning
become a lifelong process
These …
|
SOA 108: EXAM 2