SOA 108 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Race and Ethnicity- Minority group: people with unequal access to power, prestige, and wealth in addition to being targets of discrimination- Dominant group: the group that has more power, privileges, and social status whether higher or smaller in numbers than a minority group- Characteristics of a minority group- Ascribed status (not voluntary)- Physical and cultural traits held in low esteem (prejudice)- Treated unequally (discrimination)- Endogamy (marry within local community, clan, tribe)- Solidarity from physical and cultural traits- Ethnicity- White privilege: social privileges granted to whites that are not given to non-whites of the same social, political, and economic circumstances- Intersectionality: interconnected nature of social categorizations (race, class, gender) applied to an individual or group to create interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage - Racial and ethnic group interaction- Genocide: annihilation of entire nation or people- Expulsion/population transfer: dominant group forces subordinate group to leave country or live in designated areas- Colonialism: racial or ethnic group from a society dominate racial or ethnic group from another- Segregation: physical separation of 2 groups- Acculturation: adopting culture of a group different from one the person was originally raised in- Pluralism: Racial and ethnic groups maintain distinctive but mutual respect and equalaccess to social resources- Assimilation: Formerly separate groups merge and become integrated- Amalgamation: Different ethnic and racial groups marry to have children- Ethnicity: the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition- Race: distinct physical characteristics, group sharing same culture, history, language- Prejudice: attitude or judgment- Racism: superior race- Aversive racism: subtle, unintentional form of prejudice- Modern racism: rejection of traditional racist beliefs; inequality the fault of minority- Discrimination: actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals- Adaptive: based on prejudices of others- Overt: own prejudicesHealthcare around the World- 3 categories of classifying countries- Developed: relatively high gross national income and diverse economies E.g. Western countries- Developing: relatively low GNI and simple economiesE.g. China, India, South Korea, South East Asia- Least developed: poorest countriesE.g. SSA, Caribbean, some South America- Indicators/measures of health- Morbidity: incidence (number of new cases of a specific health problem) and prevalence (total number of all cases)- Life expectancy: average number of years individuals born in a given year can expect to live- Infant mortality rate: number of deaths of live-born infants <1- Maternal mortality rate: measure of deaths that result from complications associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and unsafe abortion- Demographic transition theory: relationship between demographic change and economic development- Epidemiological transition theory: shift from a society characterized by low life expectancy and parasitic and infectious diseases to one characterized by high life expectancy and chronic degenerative diseases- Sociological theories of health and illness- Symbolic interactionist: how meanings, definitions, labels impact health, illness, and health care; how meanings are learned through interaction with others and through media messages; no disease in nature but only conditions that society has labeled as illness and disease- Conflict: how wealth, status, and power influence illness and health care; lack of status and power affects the health of women in many societies- Structural functionalist: how illness, health, and health care affect and are affected by other aspects of social life; health care is a social institution that functions to maintain the well-being of societal members and of the social system as a whole- Key issues of HIV/AIDS as a global health concern- Stabilized but with high levels of new infections- 33.4 million living with HIV in 2008- 2 million deaths in 2008- Nearly 60% of infections are women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)- Increase in new infections occurring in populous countries like Indonesia and Russianfederation- Obesity- Becoming more and more common in the developed world- Mental illness- Hidden epidemic- Causes: genetic, environmental, or both- Effects: low educational attainment, suicide, poverty, unsuccessful relationships, incarcerationChanging Family Institutions- Census definition of family: 2 or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption- Sociological definition of family: a kinship system of all relatives living together or recognized as a social unit, including adopted persons- Types of families- Nuclear: a couple and their dependent children- Extended: includes nuclear and grandparents, aunts, uncles, other relatives in the same house- Types of marriages- Monogamy: between 2 people- Serial monogamy: married to one person at a time, but to several different people over a lifetime- Polygamy: 2 or more spouses- Polygyny: 1 man with 2 or more wives- Polyandry: 1 woman with 2 or more husbands- Bigamy: the criminal offense of marrying someone while still married legally to someone else- Egalitarian relationship: relationship in which partners share decision making and assign family roles based on choice rather than traditional gender roles- Childbearing- Less developed regions have higher social expectations to have kids than in developed regions- Norms vary on out of wedlock childbearing- Changing family and households in the US- Marital decline perspective: personal happiness more important than marriage and family obligations; decline in lifelong marriage and increase in single parent families contributed to social problems- Marital resiliency perspective: divorce now socially acceptable; divorce provides 2nd chance at happiness for adults and an escape from dysfunctional and aversive homes forkidsPopulation Growth and Urbanization- Growth originally restricted by disease and food supplies until mid-18th century IndustrialRevolution improved standards of living- Doubling time: time it takes for a population to double in size from any base year (.69/r)- Population density: number of people per unit of land area- Total fertility rate: average number of children born to each woman- Population momentum: continued