33 Cards in this Set
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what is the essentialist view of reality?
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- things are the way they are because of nature
-everything we see and touch is merely a manifestation of a deeper essence
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what is the social constructionist view on reality
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-reality is constructed by individuals and society around them
- we receive information from our senses, we categorize it , and then we act based on those categories
-the name we give something alters our perception and use of it
-these categories are like believable stories
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What is the postmodern view of reality?
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nothing is real, the reality we see is an illusion, and reality is constructed by individual minds.
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Thomas Principle
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-If society defines situations as real, then they are real in their consequences
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What does Roy mean when he says that a social category is: exclusive or overlapping?
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-some categories are exclusive from each other and dont over lap
ex. gender your either male or female
-some categories overlap
ex. teacher and student, in large universities teaching assistants
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What does Roy mean when he says that a social category is: gradient or bounding?
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-gradient- defined along a continual slope with only fuzzy divisions
ex giving ppl numerical scores vs. determining whether can perform specific skills
-bounded - distinct rigid boundries
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how is socially constructed reality, constructed?
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The phisical world= events take place
competing social constructions= "crime is out of control" vs "society is safe"
Media has an advantage
the winner determins the criminal justice policies
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According to Roy, what is his five-part definition of “race” in Anglo-European societies?
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physical distinction
sharply bounded groups
inherit racial status
shared behavioral characteristics
Hierarchal rank related to race
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Before racial categories were created, how did Europeans categorize other peoples before race?
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people were either civilized or uncivilized.
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According to Roy, what were the five factors that shaped the racial categorization of ‘black’ in Europe?
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1. Rise of capitalism.
2. Egalitarian values
3. Concept of the savage.
4. Science defined race
5. Law enforcement of racial categories
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Using the Irish in the United States as an example, how was “whiteness” socially constructed in the colonial times?
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Anyone who wasn't black was white.
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Describe Roy’s argument for why he supports affirmative action instead of race-blind policies
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- because of institutional racism the construction of racism from the past continues over time into the future unless there is explicit action to reverse past effects
- race became real and is not something ppl can just turn off by saying it doesnt matter any more
-becoming color blind …
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According to Roy, what would a “multicultural” non-racial society look like?
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There would be no racial boundaries and the idea of race and gender would be fluid. There would be no specific gender.
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What historical and contemporary evidence does Roy provide to prove that gender dimorphism is factually incorrect?
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-Berdache: both have male and female characteristics
-Looked upon as sacred
-Herdras-inter sexed males (initially male, socially female)
-Eunuchs- don't have gentility
-Palace guards who were castrated
-Kistrate- male sopranos
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What historical and contemporary evidence does Roy provide to prove that some societies are not structured by gender?
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a) Yoruba – Southwest Nigeria showed that the fundamental category “women” did not exist.
b) Tahitian – dimorphic. Language does not express gender.
c) Semai of Central Asia – treat few as masculine or feminine
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Gendering of space into a public sphere and a private sphere
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-Publics sphere- male, politically active, social, represent of their family, logical
-Private sphere-women and children, value emotions, be intimate
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How much (or how little) did the suffragist political movement change gendered expectations to get women the vote?
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-suffrage represented a woman's independence from the family and entry into public sphere
-opponents seen as selfish, placing own interest above the family
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According to Roy, why were women's right to vote in the U.S. delayed until 1920?
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-The publics sphere was for men, women weren't needed in voting or political decision
-Women played that men needed the nurturing of a women into the public sphere, kept gender expectations of women the same
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Describe the three historical stages of masculinity in the United States before the 20th century.
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Useful man - serving your community.
Self-made man - If you were able to go from having nothing to being rich, you were self-made.
Only used resources of his own character
Man who could control his impulses
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How is time gendered?
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-Men: paid-measured time by how long they were at work
-Women: un-paid- measured time by how long spent in the house
-Women's time is less valuable
-Women's work viewed as inferior
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Gendered Space
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areas or regions designed for men or women
ex) public restrooms
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What is an example of a dominant institution (government) reshaping the gendering of both time and space?
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-Time was the government using political campaigning/changed so women could get paid
-Space-women were able to go to the public sphere everyday
-WWII men had to go and fight, women went into the public sphere and took factory jobs
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What is Roy’s definition of class?
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social relationships that are understood by participants to be hierarchal on the basis of socioeconomic group membership, reinforced by major institutions and recurrent over time.
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What is Roy’s definition of a socioeconomic group?
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a category of people defined by their social and economic attributes.
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3 things that many societies treat as higher class according to Max Weber
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1) Economic- how much money you have
2) Political power- influence on the government
3) Social status- having a good face everyone in the community knows who you are, how you're seen by others in the society
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Using the institutions of education, medicine, and religion as examples, why does Roy argue that class is recurrent over time?
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Over time, people that have more money will send their kids to better schools, they will have better medicine so they don’t miss work, and will become part of religious organizations so that they can keep their ties with people who are in the same economic class
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According to Roy, how do property systems differ between societies?
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-How things are allocated between different societies changes
-Societies are differed by how they are govrnd
-When there is a resource, everyone wants to have it, one group try's to monopolize it, and there are different property rights between societs
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How does ownership of property create different kinds of classes?
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2 kinds of property – private and productive. (notes)
do not give productive properties to individuals
capitalism brought about the ownership of productive property.
Social classes were created because capitalists created owners and then the people who worked for them
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Status Symbols
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products serving as markers fo social class
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Using the history of opera in the U.S., describe how upper class people used this status symbol to separate them from those who are lower class
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-Opera is something that upper class people did
-Associated with old money
-High brow culture
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difference between State and Nation
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Nation refers to a group of people who feel bound into a single body of shared culture, value, or religion. State is a patch of land with a soverign government
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According to Roy, why do groups create national histories
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-Natural history determines who is in and out of the state, w/out the history the nation would not exist
-Can't create a nation w/out building up a history
-Helps unite the different individuals within the nation
-One commonality among each other
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Roy is a conflict theorist. What evidence of this do you find in his book?
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If we have different classes/races/genders, we will have conflict.
He believes that the socially constructed categories that create a superior and an inferior when it comes to race, gender, and class are the man causes and reasons for the socially constructed conflicts of todays world
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SOA 108: EXAM 2