PSY 111: FINAL EXAM
169 Cards in this Set
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Biological Approach to Psychology
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All behavior and mental processes are due to biology- our genes, hormones, and brain chemicals
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Behavioral Approach to Psychology
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(Watson, Skinner) All of our behavior and mental processes are due to our personal history of rewards and punishments
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Humanistic Approach to Psychology
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(Rogers, Maslow) All behavior and mental processes are due to free will. We are free to choose how we act regardless of other factors
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Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology
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(Freud) ALl behavior and mental processes are due to Unresolved, Unconscious Conflict
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Cognitive Approach to Psychology
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(Bandura) All behavior and mental processes are due to THINKING- the way we think and interpret situations
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Reliability
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Can you repeat findings? Results the same every time
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Validity
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Does your study measure what you say it's measuring?
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What are the 2 Kinds of Variables?
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Independent
Dependent
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Independent Variable (IV)
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The variable that is manipulated or changed
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that is being measured in an experiment
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What are the 2 parts of the Nervous System?
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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Central Nervous System controls:
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Brain and Spinal Cord ONLY
Does processing of information for us
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Peripheral Nervous System controls:
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Inputs and outputs
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2 Parts of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
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Controls our senses and muscles
input 'in' through senses
output 'out' through muscles
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Releases Adrenaline
Increases HR, BP, and Respiration
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Conserves & Creates Energy
Decreases HR, BP, and Respiration
Increases Digestion
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Parts of a Neuron
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Cell Body
Synapse
Dendrite
Axons
Myelin Sheath
Terminal Branch
Vesicles
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Cell Body
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Part of the neuron that contains only the nucleus and DNA. Also called the 'soma'
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Synapse
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A gap b/t the neurons where communication between one cell and another via chemical neurotransmitters
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Dendrite
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The branching, treelike extensions that receive signals and carry them to the cell body
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Axons
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Long, straight nerve fibers that extend away from the cell wall and carry signals and impulses away from the cell body
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Myelin Sheath
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Insulating cover that surrounds a nerve cell that can speed up conduction of nerve impulses
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Terminal Branch
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The end of the axons where the neuron's dendrites can communicate with the rest of the neuron
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Parts of the brain are connected by...
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Corpus collosum
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Right Hemisphere controls:
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Self awareness, spatial relations, art, creativity
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Left Hemisphere controls
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Language, logic
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Cerebral Cortex
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4 Lobes
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
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Frontal Lobe
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Thinking, planning, reasoning
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Temporal Lobe
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Hearing
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Parietal Lobe
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Movement
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Occipital Lobe
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Vision
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3 main division of inner brain
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Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
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Hindbrain's 4 Structures
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Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
Locus Cereleus
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Cerebellum
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Motor Movements, Coordination
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Medulla Oblongata
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Basic life functions
HR, BP, breathing
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Reticular Formation
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Arousal, Sleep
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Locus Cereleus
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Attention/ Vigilance
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Midbrain's 2 Structures
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Substantia Nigra
Nucleus Accumbens
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Substantia Nigra
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Smooth motor movements (damaged in Parkinsons)
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Nucleus Accumbens
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VTA-- Reward, Reinforcement
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Forebrain's 4 Structures
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
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Thalamus
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"Relay Station"
transfers sensory info into cortex for processing
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Hypothalamus
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4 "F's"
Fight, Flight, Food, F***
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Neurotransmitter System
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group of neurons using the same NT
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6 Major NTs
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Acetlecholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
Endorphins
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Acetylecholine
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Memory- Hippocampus
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Norapinephrine
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Mood, learning, arousal
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Serotonin
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Mood, Sleep, Aggression
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Dopamine
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Mood, Reinforcement, movement, Schizophrenia
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GABA
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Anxiety. All over brain
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Endorphins
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Pain, Euphoria
All over brain
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Drug
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Any compound that can change a biological system
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Psychoactive Drug
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A compound that can get into the brain and change behavior or mental processes
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4 Classes of Drugs
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Sedative/ Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Psychedelics/ Hallucinogen
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Sedative/ Depressant
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decrease 'depress' activity of the CNS
increase GABA
decrease excitability of neurons
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Stimulants
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ncrease "stimulate" activity of the CNS
Ex. Cocaine, Amphetamines, caffine, nicotine
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Opiates
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Relieve Pain, induce sleep
ex. opium morphine heroine
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Psychedelics
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Alter perception, cause loss of contact with reality. work via 5-HT system
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Agonist
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Mimics or increases natural NT
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Antagonist
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Blocks or decreases natural NT
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How many stages of sleep are there?
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6
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Stage 0
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relaxed with eyes closed- Alpha waves
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Stage 1
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starting to drift off.
Irregular "awake" waves - Theta Waves
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Stage 2
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Deeper sleep
sleep spindles and k-complexes
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Stage 3
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Slow wave sleep (SWS) - deep sleep. < 1/2 Delta Waves
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Stage 4
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Slow wave sleep (SWS) >1/2 Delta Waves
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REM Sleep
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'active sleep'
brain waves look like they are awake.
We ALWAYS dream during REM
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Stage 4 vs REM dreams
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Stage 4 dreams are RARE
more realistic, less bizzare
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How long does a cycle of sleep typically last? Amount of cycles in a nights sleep?
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~90 Minutes
4-6 cycles a night
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3 Theories of Dreaming
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Cognitive Theory
Wish Fulfillment
Activation Synthesis
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Cognitive Theory/ Consolidation Theory
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Dreams consolidate or 'put together' info of personal significance
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Wish Fulfillment Theory
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(Freud)
Dreams are road to unconscious
satisfy unconscious urges and desires too upsetting to deal with consciously
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Activation Synthesis Theory
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Dreams are meaningless
Trying to make sense of random neuron firing
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Sensation
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The passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the body and to the brain
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Senses
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Translate info from environment into something brain can understand
gather info by detecting energy- light, sound, heat, pressure
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Perception
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Process of interpreting sensations so they become meaningful
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Absolute Threshold
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Minimum detectable amount of energy
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Just Noticeable Difference
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Smallest detectable change in stimulus
Soft sound= less to seem louder
Loud = Lots of change
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Types of Coding (2)
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Temporal
Spatial
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Temporal Code
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Neuron encodes information through the precise timing of action potentials. Faster or slower depending on the intensity of the stimulus
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Spatial Coding
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Where in the brain the neuron fires
causes a sensation no matter how the stimulation occurs
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Psychophysics
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Describes relationship between physical energy in the
environment and our psychological experience of it
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Classical Conditioning
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learning that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
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Extinction
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conditioned response is weakened when the CS is repeated without the UCS
(Ring bell but dont give food)
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Spontaneous Recovery
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previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
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Generalization
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Apply effects to a wide range of similar stimuli (little Albert feared all things that looked/ felt like rat)
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Operant Conditioning
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A learned process based on a system of rewards and punishments
(+/-) reinforcement & (+/-) punishment
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Positive Reinforcement
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Giving or adding something good
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Negative Reinforcements
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Taking away something bad
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Positive Punishment
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Giving or adding something bad
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Negative Punishment
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Taking away something good
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Positive things ___ things?
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Give or add (+)
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Negative ___ things
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Takes something (-)
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Reinforcement __ behavior
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increases
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Punishment __ behavior
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Decreases
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Shaping
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Reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the desired response
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Stimulus Generalization
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Learn to make same response to similar stimuli
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Stimulus Extinction
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Take away the consequences of the behavior, and the behavior will stop
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Schedules of Reinforcements
2 kinds of intervals
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Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
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Fixed Interval (FI)
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Amount of time between reinforces is fixed or stays the same.
Ex- Get paid every 2 weeks
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Variable Interval
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Time between reinforces varies around an average
ex- Taxi driver
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3 types of memories
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episodic
semantic
procedural
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Episodic memory
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Memory of an episode or specific event in your life
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Semantic Memory
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General knowledge about the world; facts
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Procedural Memory
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How to do something
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Sensory Memory
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Holds information long enough for brain to process (1-2 seconds)
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Short term/ working memory
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Limited capacity
7+- 2 'bits'
Chunking can increase capacity
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Transfer info from STM to LTM by ___
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rehearsal
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2 kinds of rehearsal
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Maintenance- repeating
Elaborative- link new info with old -- works better!
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Long Term Memory (LTM)
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Limitless capacity. Stores a lot of info for a long time
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Decay
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Memory fades away
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Interference
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other info interferes with storage
Retroactive- new info writes over old
Proactive- old info prevents new
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Is Eyewitness Testimony reliable?
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no
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Cognition
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Mental activity that includes thinking and understanding that results from thinking
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Category
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A mental representation that groups or categorizes objects, events, or relations around common themes (chair)
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Hierarchy
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broad categories (object to sit on)
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Algorithms
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Step by step solution that guarantees solving a problem
time consuming
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Heuristic
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Simple strategies that rely on trial and error
less time consumer- more prone to errors
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Representativeness Heuristic
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Judging liklihood in terms of how well objects seem to represent prototype (professor vs truck driver)
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Availability Heuristic
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Information retrieved easily is perceived as more likely or more common
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Prototype
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way of thinking about concepts; within in category, there is a best example - a prototype-
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Intelligence
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Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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Why were IQ test developed?
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predict children's future progress in Paris school system
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4 Sources of motivation
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Biological
Emotional
Cognitive
Social
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3 Theories of motivation
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Instinct Theory
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
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Instinct Theory
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Behavior is motivated by instincts- unlearned automatic habits
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Drive Theory
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Tendency to do things that keep the body in homeostasis
Change in equilibrium creates need
we respond to need with a drive
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Arousal Theory
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People are motivated to maintain their optimum level of arousal
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Self Actualization
Self Esteem
Love/ Belonging
Safety and Security
Physiological Needs
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Yerkes Dodson
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Increasing arousal only increases performance to a certain point
Too much arousal begins to decrease performance
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
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What causes stress?
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Catastrophes
Personal Illness
Significant Life changes
Daily Hassles
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Type A Personality
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reactive, competitive, agressive, impatient, super motivated, easily angered (can lead to heart disease/ heart problems)
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Type B Personality
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Mellow, Laid back, Easy-going. Rarely have heart issues
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Piaget's 5 stages of Human Development
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Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)
Pre-Operational Stage (2-7)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
Formal Operational (11+)
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Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 Years)
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Vision & touching, ability to form schemas
ends with object permanence
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Pre-Operational Stage (2-7)
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Ability to form symbols for objects.
Langauge is milestone
Ends with realization of conservation (glass with water test)
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
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Understanding of counting and amount. Able to do simple math. Period ends when they are able to think logically
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Formal Operational Stage (11+)
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Able to think abstractly about things (like justice and freedom) and imagine ideal things
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Erikson's Theory of Development (8 Stages)
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Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18-36 months)
Initiative vs guilt (3-6)
INdustry vs inferiority (6 to puberty)
identity vs role confusion (12-20)
intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
gererativity vs stagnation (40-60)
integrity vs despair (60- death)
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Harlow's theory of attachment
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form attachments for feelings of comfort and safety
if attachments dont form, severe disturbances occur
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Bystander effect
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failure to help others b/c we believe someone else will do it More people = less responsibility
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Discrimination
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Distinguishing between similar stimuli
ex. bitten by dog, only fear that type of dog that bit you
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Id
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Animal Side, Pleasure Principle
"devil"
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Ego
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reality principle
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superego
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our 'moral' side
angel
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5 stages of psychosexual development
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oral stage (0-18 months)
anal stage (18m - 3 years)
phallic stage (3-6)
latency stage (6- puberty)
genital stage (puberty - adult)
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Thematic Apperception Test
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look at pictures- interpret what they mean (view into unconscious)
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Psychological disorder
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a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and or create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms
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DSM-IV-R
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An APA publication
diagnose and describe prevalence of disorder (not suggest treatment
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Rosenhan Study
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sent healthy people faking schizophrenia to mental hospital
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Phobia
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intense, irrational fear of something not reall dangerous
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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free floating anxiety/ worry
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Panic Disorder
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have minute long episodes of intense dread which may lead to feelings of terror, chest pains, choking or other frightening sensations
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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persistant/ unwanted thoughts, repetitive behaviors
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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experiencing stress from events that happened long ago
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Somatoform
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a psyhical disorder with no physical cause
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Hypochondriac
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fear of getting physical problem/ always being sick
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Delusion
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false beliefs
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Bipolar Disorder
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alternate between 2 emotional extremes: happy (manic) and sad or depressed
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Histronic
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Have shallow, attention getting emotions to get praise from others (typically women)
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Narcissistic
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Exaggerate own importance; cant take criticism; love self at expense of others (typically men, but maybe changing)
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder)
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person exhibits tow or more distinct and alternating personalities
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Schizophrenia
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pattern of very disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, behavior
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Borderline personality disorder
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unstable personality and identity; extremely unpredictable behavior
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Anti- social personality disorder
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lack a conscience, irresponsible, assaultive criminal, agressive, no emotions, no fear; sociopath; psychopath; serial killers
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Psychotherapy
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Planned, emotionally charged confiding interaction between therapist and patient
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Types of Therapies
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Psychoanalysis Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Biomedical Therapy
Behavior Therapy
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PSY 111: EXAM 4