PSY 111 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 23 32 Lecture 23 March 12 Difference between thinking and cognition o Thinking part of cognition that is actively manipulating information o Cognition all mental activities involved with processing information What are mental representations o The way that we represent information in our minds What are the different types of mental representations o Verbal Propositions information is represented as relations of abstract or verbal signals o Mental Images mental representation in the form of a visual image How do we organize things into categories o Prototype Theory representation that has all of the features that are characteristic of one category o Exemplar Theory abstract prototypes are only retrieved when necessary Lecture 24 March 16 What is intelligence o Overall ability to excel at a variety of tasks especially those related to academic performance o The ability to learn from experiences and adapt to the current environment o The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge o book smarts vs street smarts What is general intelligence o A person s underlying general capacity to process information How is intelligence measured o Ease and speed when new information is presented o Perceptual information o Ability to juggle mental concepts o Proficiency in math or verbal tasks o Working memory capacity o IQ test What is the idea behind multiple intelligences theories o Most people recognize that there are more forms of intelligence than just general intelligence Components of Triarchic Theory o Analytic intelligence Problem solving oriented for academic success reflects concepts of general intelligence o Creative intelligence Application of knowledge ability to solve novel problems thinking outside the box o Practical intelligence Ability to adapt to environments solving everyday problems achieving personal goals What are problems according to the psychological view o Brute force search o Looking trying every configuration until you find the solution Lecture 25 March 17 Heuristics o Hill climbing choosing the operator at each step that moves you closer to the goal o Working Backwards begin at the goal and choose the operators that get you closer to the starting point What are insight problems o Problems where the solution seems to appear all at once Solved by thinking about the problem in a completely new way Dual Systems Theory o Reasoning and problem solving can be supported by two separate systems that can work together systems one and two System One Evolutionarily older Not conscious Few cognitive resources Generally works quickly Not related to intelligence System Two Possibly uniquely older Possible of deliberation Generally conscious Lots of cognitive resources Operates slowly Unfamiliar problems Higher intelligence means you can do this better Lecture 26 March 18 Expected Value Theory o Always pick the outcome with the highest monetary payoff value Expected Utility Theory o The personal values we attach to outcomes Utility does not follow value Utility drops off at higher amounts while value remains constant Optimizing and Satisficing o Optimizing comparing all of the options and then deciding what is best or creating a formula to decide o Satisficing selecting the first choice that meets a certain threshold Heuristics o Availability when judging the probability of an event we think of examples The more examples we can think of the more likely we are to pick that answer o Representative you re more likely to categorize something if it has qualities of that category even if it doesn t logically belong o Anchoring and Adjustment start with the initial part of the problem and then adjust your thinking for the rest of the problem Lecture 27 March 19 How is consciousness defined What are some problems with studying consciousness What is the dual aspect theory How is sleep regulated o Circadian rhythm o Consequences of sleep deprivations Stages of sleep Theories of dreaming o Psychoanalytic approach vs Activation Synthesis approach Lecture 28 March 30 Criteria of language o Communicative language permits communication between individuals o Arbitrary no special relationship between an element of language and its meaning o Structured the ways symbols of language are put together are purposeful o Generative basic units of language can be combined in limitless ways o Dynamic language is not static How is language structured o Phoneme individual sounds that make up language Represented as letters in writing 46 phonemes in the English language 107 distinct phonemes in the world with many variations o Word phonemes combined together into units that represent meaningful ideas Both physical and language specific rules as to what makes a word o Sentence words combined together to represent complete ideas Infinite number of possibilities Limited by grammar specific rules o Text a group of sentences that are discussing the same idea Can be spoken and written Language specific rules govern texts How do we perceive language o Spoken language Language is primarily auditory Co articulation the vocal system is influenced by past and future sounds it has to make Lecture 29 March 31 How do we perceive language o McGurk Effect visual information also disambiguates o Phoneme restoration effect a missing phoneme is restored by disambiguating the context o Speech stream the continuous flow of auditory stimuli in speech o Lexicon a mental dictionary of all of the words an adult knows Contains representations of the word and points to it s meaning but does not contain meaning itself Reading Acquired dyslexia reading problems brought on later in life Surface dyslexia pronounceable non words and regular words read normally o Letter to phoneme intact o Direct spelling to lexicon damage Phonological dyslexia can read real words but cannot figure out irregular words o Letter to phoneme damage o Direct spelling to lexicon intact Lecture 30 April 1 Inferences from texts Three levels of representations o Surface code exact wording and syntax o Text base the ideas of the text represented as propositions not the same working o Situation model deeper knowledge integrating new and prior knowledge What is motivation and its sources o Motivation the underlying psychological and physiological processes that indicate what you will do o Sources Biological food water sex Emotional fear love anger Cognitive beliefs thoughts Social need to belong Theories of motivation o