31 Cards in this Set
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Sensory Store
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- hold mass amounts of info for < 1 sec
- large capacity: 17 characters, average of 12 - sensory store is independent of sense
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Jevons bean estimate study
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- support sensory store
- RESULTS: If the white box contained…. •4 or less = 100% correct •5 = 95% correct •9 = 50% correct (CHANCE) •15 = 20% correct
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Sterling's 3x3 letter matrix
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- support sensory store
- RESULTS: -Sensory store loses info rapidly - we quickly discard info we don't need
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Short term memory
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- 'workspace' for processing
- storage for info from sensory store or long term memory - 7 plus/minus 2 items - 1 to 60 seconds
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Peter & Peterson: 3 unrelated letters, then count backwards by 3 for 18 sec
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- short term memory duraton
- RESULTS: -after 18 seconds, people 'stink'
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Ericcson et al.: chunking
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- short term memory capacity
- RESULTS: -after 175 trials of practicing chunking technique, number of items remembered is from 7 to 79
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Procedural long-term memory
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- how things are done
- unconsious -Ex: how to ride a bike
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Procedural long-term memory
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- info about facts or events
- conscious - episodic: personal events - semantic: meaning of words or concepts
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Declarative long-term memory
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- info about facts or events
- conscious - episodic: personal events - semantic: meaning of words or concepts
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depth of processing
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- if you concentrate on the meaning of something and how it relates to other things, it will eventually be remembered
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Emotions & memory
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- Because an intense emotional memory is rehearsed often, it is better remembered
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Craig & Tulving: questions about words that are presented
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- in caps, or rhyming, or fill in the blank\
- then presented a recognition test - The 'deeper' the processing, the better the recognition
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Memory learning
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- Key: to actively engage in practice
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Remembering info in the same context as you received it
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- Matter, but the effects are small
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Memory Retreival
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- About reconstruction
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Dooling & Christiaansen: Hellen Keller reading
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- RESULTS:
- Increased ‘recognition’ of the sentences if prompted with new info -IMPLICATION: - There was no room for new ‘information’ to influence encoding, so this information caused reconstruction with present info at retrieval
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Occlusion
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- memory cue may be associated with another target also
- tip of the tongue
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Memory permanence: Spanish 'test'
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- RESULTS
- Forgetting is rapid for the first 3 to 6 years, but then plateaus until about 30 years have passed. Finally, there is a big drop off until about 50 years (the end of the study) - IMPLICATIONS - Memories can last an awful long time - There is no change to memory from 6-30 year…
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Sensory Motor (birth to 2 years)
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- Object permanence
- Goal-oriented behavior - Mental representations
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Preoperational Stage (2 to 7)
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-Limitations:
-Egocentricism: mountain task -Animistic thinking -Centration - Irreversibility: conservation
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Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11)
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- Use mental imagery
- Limitations -operations on tangible objects, not abstract thought
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Warren: affordances
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- Invariant relationships; "picked up"
- direct
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Circle or square in different region or same region
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- people get used to it occurring in different region, delay in time goes away
- top down alters grouping effects
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Multiple perceptions: Necker Cube
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- If it is true that multiple perceptions are true, then a direct theory cannot hold!
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Size constancy
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- Objects are physically same size, but different in perception
- Implies that we are adding something to our perception to give us distance and depth
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Brightness constancy
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- adding something, indirect
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Illusions
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…”If we fall prey to illusions, we must have ‘percepts’(aka - memories, expectations, etc.) acting to guide perception which get taken advantage of”
- Support indirect perception
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group think
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o 1) A dominant leader
o 2) High group cohesiveness o 3) Lack of norms for evidence based-practice o 4) Homogeneity of members’ social and ideological background o 5) High stress from external threats
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bystander effect
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• Refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.
• When the student thought they were the only person there, 85% rushed to help. When they thought there was one other person, this dropped to 65%. And wh…
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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-we tend to attribute other people’s misfortunes and successes to personal traits, rather than situational/ environmental forces
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self-serving bias
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• When things go badly attribute your failure to external factors
- save self esteem
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PSY 111: EXAM 4