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PSY 111: FINAL EXAM
Biological Approach to Psychology |
All behavior and mental processes are due to biology- our genes, hormones, and brain chemicals
|
Behavioral Approach to Psychology |
(Watson, Skinner) All of our behavior and mental processes are due to our personal history of rewards and punishments |
Humanistic Approach to Psychology |
(Rogers, Maslow) All behavior and mental processes are due to free will. We are free to choose how we act regardless of other factors |
Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology |
(Freud) ALl behavior and mental processes are due to Unresolved, Unconscious Conflict |
Cognitive Approach to Psychology |
(Bandura) All behavior and mental processes are due to THINKING- the way we think and interpret situations |
Reliability |
Can you repeat findings? Results the same every time |
Validity |
Does your study measure what you say it's measuring? |
What are the 2 Kinds of Variables? |
Independent
Dependent |
Independent Variable (IV) |
The variable that is manipulated or changed |
Dependent Variable |
The variable that is being measured in an experiment |
What are the 2 parts of the Nervous System? |
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System |
Central Nervous System controls: |
Brain and Spinal Cord ONLY
Does processing of information for us |
Peripheral Nervous System controls: |
Inputs and outputs |
2 Parts of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System |
Somatic Nervous System |
Controls our senses and muscles
input 'in' through senses
output 'out' through muscles |
Sympathetic Nervous System |
Releases Adrenaline
Increases HR, BP, and Respiration |
Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Conserves & Creates Energy
Decreases HR, BP, and Respiration
Increases Digestion |
Parts of a Neuron |
Cell Body
Synapse
Dendrite
Axons
Myelin Sheath
Terminal Branch
Vesicles |
Cell Body |
Part of the neuron that contains only the nucleus and DNA. Also called the 'soma' |
Synapse |
A gap b/t the neurons where communication between one cell and another via chemical neurotransmitters |
Dendrite |
The branching, treelike extensions that receive signals and carry them to the cell body |
Axons |
Long, straight nerve fibers that extend away from the cell wall and carry signals and impulses away from the cell body |
Myelin Sheath |
Insulating cover that surrounds a nerve cell that can speed up conduction of nerve impulses |
Terminal Branch |
The end of the axons where the neuron's dendrites can communicate with the rest of the neuron |
Parts of the brain are connected by... |
Corpus collosum |
Right Hemisphere controls: |
Self awareness, spatial relations, art, creativity |
Left Hemisphere controls |
Language, logic
|
Cerebral Cortex |
4 Lobes
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital |
Frontal Lobe
|
Thinking, planning, reasoning |
Temporal Lobe |
Hearing |
Parietal Lobe
|
Movement |
Occipital Lobe |
Vision |
3 main division of inner brain |
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain |
Hindbrain's 4 Structures |
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
Locus Cereleus |
Cerebellum |
Motor Movements, Coordination |
Medulla Oblongata |
Basic life functions
HR, BP, breathing |
Reticular Formation |
Arousal, Sleep |
Locus Cereleus |
Attention/ Vigilance |
Midbrain's 2 Structures |
Substantia Nigra
Nucleus Accumbens |
Substantia Nigra |
Smooth motor movements (damaged in Parkinsons) |
Nucleus Accumbens |
VTA-- Reward, Reinforcement |
Forebrain's 4 Structures |
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala |
Thalamus |
"Relay Station"
transfers sensory info into cortex for processing |
Hypothalamus |
4 "F's"
Fight, Flight, Food, F*** |
Neurotransmitter System |
group of neurons using the same NT |
6 Major NTs |
Acetlecholine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
Endorphins |
Acetylecholine |
Memory- Hippocampus |
Norapinephrine |
Mood, learning, arousal |
Serotonin
|
Mood, Sleep, Aggression |
Dopamine |
Mood, Reinforcement, movement, Schizophrenia |
GABA |
Anxiety. All over brain |
Endorphins |
Pain, Euphoria
All over brain |
Drug |
Any compound that can change a biological system |
Psychoactive Drug |
A compound that can get into the brain and change behavior or mental processes |
4 Classes of Drugs |
Sedative/ Depressants
Stimulants
Opiates
Psychedelics/ Hallucinogen |
Sedative/ Depressant |
decrease 'depress' activity of the CNS
increase GABA
decrease excitability of neurons |
Stimulants |
ncrease "stimulate" activity of the CNS
Ex. Cocaine, Amphetamines, caffine, nicotine |
Opiates |
Relieve Pain, induce sleep
ex. opium morphine heroine |
Psychedelics |
Alter perception, cause loss of contact with reality. work via 5-HT system |
Agonist |
Mimics or increases natural NT |
Antagonist |
Blocks or decreases natural NT |
How many stages of sleep are there? |
6 |
Stage 0
|
relaxed with eyes closed- Alpha waves |
Stage 1 |
starting to drift off.
Irregular "awake" waves - Theta Waves |
Stage 2 |
Deeper sleep
sleep spindles and k-complexes |
Stage 3 |
Slow wave sleep (SWS) - deep sleep. < 1/2 Delta Waves |
Stage 4 |
Slow wave sleep (SWS) >1/2 Delta Waves |
REM Sleep |
'active sleep'
brain waves look like they are awake.
We ALWAYS dream during REM |
Stage 4 vs REM dreams |
Stage 4 dreams are RARE
more realistic, less bizzare |
How long does a cycle of sleep typically last? Amount of cycles in a nights sleep? |
~90 Minutes
4-6 cycles a night |
3 Theories of Dreaming |
Cognitive Theory
Wish Fulfillment
Activation Synthesis |
Cognitive Theory/ Consolidation Theory |
Dreams consolidate or 'put together' info of personal significance |
Wish Fulfillment Theory |
(Freud)
Dreams are road to unconscious
satisfy unconscious urges and desires too upsetting to deal with consciously |
Activation Synthesis Theory |
Dreams are meaningless
Trying to make sense of random neuron firing |
Sensation |
The passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the body and to the brain |
Senses |
Translate info from environment into something brain can understand
gather info by detecting energy- light, sound, heat, pressure |
Perception |
Process of interpreting sensations so they become meaningful |
Absolute Threshold |
Minimum detectable amount of energy |
Just Noticeable Difference |
Smallest detectable change in stimulus
Soft sound= less to seem louder
Loud = Lots of change |
Types of Coding (2) |
Temporal
Spatial |
Temporal Code |
Neuron encodes information through the precise timing of action potentials. Faster or slower depending on the intensity of the stimulus |
Spatial Coding |
Where in the brain the neuron fires
causes a sensation no matter how the stimulation occurs |
Psychophysics |
Describes relationship between physical energy in the
environment and our psychological experience of it |
Classical Conditioning |
learning that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus |
Extinction |
conditioned response is weakened when the CS is repeated without the UCS
(Ring bell but dont give food) |
Spontaneous Recovery |
previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus |
Generalization |
Apply effects to a wide range of similar stimuli (little Albert feared all things that looked/ felt like rat) |
Operant Conditioning |
A learned process based on a system of rewards and punishments
(+/-) reinforcement & (+/-) punishment |
Positive Reinforcement |
Giving or adding something good |
Negative Reinforcements |
Taking away something bad |
Positive Punishment |
Giving or adding something bad |
Negative Punishment |
Taking away something good |
Positive things ___ things? |
Give or add (+) |
Negative ___ things |
Takes something (-) |
Reinforcement __ behavior |
increases |
Punishment __ behavior |
Decreases |
Shaping |
Reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the desired response |
Stimulus Generalization |
Learn to make same response to similar stimuli |
Stimulus Extinction |
Take away the consequences of the behavior, and the behavior will stop |
Schedules of Reinforcements
2 kinds of intervals |
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval |
Fixed Interval (FI) |
Amount of time between reinforces is fixed or stays the same.
Ex- Get paid every 2 weeks |
Variable Interval |
Time between reinforces varies around an average
ex- Taxi driver |
3 types of memories |
episodic
semantic
procedural |
Episodic memory |
Memory of an episode or specific event in your life |
Semantic Memory |
General knowledge about the world; facts |
Procedural Memory |
How to do something |
Sensory Memory |
Holds information long enough for brain to process (1-2 seconds) |
Short term/ working memory |
Limited capacity
7+- 2 'bits'
Chunking can increase capacity |
Transfer info from STM to LTM by ___ |
rehearsal |
2 kinds of rehearsal |
Maintenance- repeating
Elaborative- link new info with old -- works better! |
Long Term Memory (LTM) |
Limitless capacity. Stores a lot of info for a long time |
Decay |
Memory fades away |
Interference |
other info interferes with storage
Retroactive- new info writes over old
Proactive- old info prevents new |
Is Eyewitness Testimony reliable? |
no |
Cognition |
Mental activity that includes thinking and understanding that results from thinking |
Category |
A mental representation that groups or categorizes objects, events, or relations around common themes (chair) |
Hierarchy |
broad categories (object to sit on) |
Algorithms |
Step by step solution that guarantees solving a problem
time consuming |
Heuristic |
Simple strategies that rely on trial and error
less time consumer- more prone to errors |
Representativeness Heuristic |
Judging liklihood in terms of how well objects seem to represent prototype (professor vs truck driver) |
Availability Heuristic |
Information retrieved easily is perceived as more likely or more common |
Prototype |
way of thinking about concepts; within in category, there is a best example - a prototype- |
Intelligence |
Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
Why were IQ test developed? |
predict children's future progress in Paris school system |
4 Sources of motivation |
Biological
Emotional
Cognitive
Social |
3 Theories of motivation |
Instinct Theory
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory |
Instinct Theory |
Behavior is motivated by instincts- unlearned automatic habits |
Drive Theory |
Tendency to do things that keep the body in homeostasis
Change in equilibrium creates need
we respond to need with a drive |
Arousal Theory |
People are motivated to maintain their optimum level of arousal |
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
Self Actualization
Self Esteem
Love/ Belonging
Safety and Security
Physiological Needs |
Yerkes Dodson |
Increasing arousal only increases performance to a certain point
Too much arousal begins to decrease performance |
General Adaptation Syndrome |
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
What causes stress?
|
Catastrophes
Personal Illness
Significant Life changes
Daily Hassles |
Type A Personality |
reactive, competitive, agressive, impatient, super motivated, easily angered (can lead to heart disease/ heart problems) |
Type B Personality |
Mellow, Laid back, Easy-going. Rarely have heart issues |
Piaget's 5 stages of Human Development |
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)
Pre-Operational Stage (2-7)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
Formal Operational (11+) |
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 Years) |
Vision & touching, ability to form schemas
ends with object permanence |
Pre-Operational Stage (2-7) |
Ability to form symbols for objects.
Langauge is milestone
Ends with realization of conservation (glass with water test) |
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) |
Understanding of counting and amount. Able to do simple math. Period ends when they are able to think logically |
Formal Operational Stage (11+) |
Able to think abstractly about things (like justice and freedom) and imagine ideal things |
Erikson's Theory of Development (8 Stages) |
Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (18-36 months)
Initiative vs guilt (3-6)
INdustry vs inferiority (6 to puberty)
identity vs role confusion (12-20)
intimacy vs isolation (20-40)
gererativity vs stagnation (40-60)
integrity vs despair (60- death) |
Harlow's theory of attachment |
form attachments for feelings of comfort and safety
if attachments dont form, severe disturbances occur |
Bystander effect |
failure to help others b/c we believe someone else will do it More people = less responsibility |
Discrimination |
Distinguishing between similar stimuli
ex. bitten by dog, only fear that type of dog that bit you |
Id |
Animal Side, Pleasure Principle
"devil" |
Ego
|
reality principle |
superego |
our 'moral' side
angel |
5 stages of psychosexual development |
oral stage (0-18 months)
anal stage (18m - 3 years)
phallic stage (3-6)
latency stage (6- puberty)
genital stage (puberty - adult) |
Thematic Apperception Test |
look at pictures- interpret what they mean (view into unconscious) |
Psychological disorder |
a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and or create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms |
DSM-IV-R |
An APA publication
diagnose and describe prevalence of disorder (not suggest treatment |
Rosenhan Study |
sent healthy people faking schizophrenia to mental hospital |
Phobia |
intense, irrational fear of something not reall dangerous |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
free floating anxiety/ worry |
Panic Disorder |
have minute long episodes of intense dread which may lead to feelings of terror, chest pains, choking or other frightening sensations |
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
persistant/ unwanted thoughts, repetitive behaviors |
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
experiencing stress from events that happened long ago |
Somatoform |
a psyhical disorder with no physical cause |
Hypochondriac |
fear of getting physical problem/ always being sick |
Delusion |
false beliefs |
Bipolar Disorder |
alternate between 2 emotional extremes: happy (manic) and sad or depressed |
Histronic |
Have shallow, attention getting emotions to get praise from others (typically women) |
Narcissistic |
Exaggerate own importance; cant take criticism; love self at expense of others (typically men, but maybe changing) |
Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder) |
person exhibits tow or more distinct and alternating personalities |
Schizophrenia |
pattern of very disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, behavior |
Borderline personality disorder |
unstable personality and identity; extremely unpredictable behavior |
Anti- social personality disorder |
lack a conscience, irresponsible, assaultive criminal, agressive, no emotions, no fear; sociopath; psychopath; serial killers |
Psychotherapy |
Planned, emotionally charged confiding interaction between therapist and patient |
Types of Therapies |
Psychoanalysis Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Biomedical Therapy
Behavior Therapy |