SOCIO 211: Exam 2
100 Cards in this Set
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The systematic differences in wealth and power among countries is...
Global Inequality
Globalization
Stratification
Poverty
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Global Inequality
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Composed of upper and lower, this class is composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations.
Working Class
Under Class
Upper class
Middle Class
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Middle Class
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Social Stratification....
All of these
is the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material and symbolic rewards.
Involves social mobility
Is about inequalities and where we land on a scale of power and prestige.
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All of these
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in modernization theory?
Modern Stage
Take-Off Stage
High Mass Consumption Stage
Traditional Stage
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Modern Stage
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Who said "People resist exploitation. They resist as actively as they can, as passively as they must."
James S. Coleman
Jay Z
Immanuel Wallerstein
Pierre Bourdieu
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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Stratification revolves around three key aspects...
Power, Gender and Class/Caste
Power, Status, and Class/Caste
Income, Wealth and Power
Gender, Status and Prestige
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Power, Status, and Class/Caste
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Power is....
movement of individuals or groups among different social positions.
the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material and symbolic rewards.
money and material possession held by and individual or group8. In the five …
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the ability of individuals or members of a group to achieve aims or further the interest they hold. It is the pervasive element in all human relationships.
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Typically, powerful owners of capital who employ workers are considered a member of the....
Proletariat
Middle Class
Working Class
Bourgeoisie
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Bourgeoisie
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Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another is...
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Intergenerational Mobility
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A Class System is stratified by...
Birth, Status, Gender and Wealth
Income, Wealth, Education and Occupation
Status, Ethnicity, Education and Gender
Age, Status, Wealth and Ethnicity
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Income, Wealth, Education and Occupation
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The poverty line based on annual income for a family of four in the United States is....
$23,550
$24,000
$50,000
$29,204
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$23,550
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Dependency Theories in terms of global inequality most often attribute inequalities to....
Colonialism
Emerging Economies
Neoliberalism
Global Commodity Chain
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Colonialism
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Which of these is not a stratifying definition in World Systems Theory?
Core Countries
Peripheral Countries
Semi-peripheral Countries
Third World Countries
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Third World Countries
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A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property is...
Pariah Groups
Absolute Poverty
Working Poor
Slavery
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Slavery
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If your household earns an annual income of $65,000 a year, owns a modest home and most likely has at least one person who has an undergraduate degree you would fall into the....
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Lower Middle Class
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Globalization
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Globalization: The development of social and economic relationship stretching worldwide. A key part of the study of globalization is the emergence of a world system.
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Slavery
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Slavery: A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property
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Class System
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Caste systems and fixed
Caste systems are at birth
Caste is status based
Caste is more likely looked down upon.
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Means of Production
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Means of Production: The means by whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society, including not just technology but the social relations among producers."
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Bourgeoisie
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owners
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Proletariat
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workers
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Status
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Social honor and prestige (positive)
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Pariah Groups
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Pariah groups - negatively priveleged
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Power
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The ability of individuals or members of a group to achieve aims or further the interest they hold. Power is the pervasive element in all human relationships.
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Income
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Involves wages, salaries and investment earnings - usually determined annually.
Textbook: Payment, ussualy derived from wages, salaries or investments.
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Wealth
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What you own or have access to.
Money and material possession helb by and individual or group.
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Upper Class
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Income above $311,000 a year
Abundant wealth - lots of possession
Higher education
Prestigious Occupation
Textbook: A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited welath, own businesses and hold large number of stocks.
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Middle Class
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Middle Class - composed of Upper and Lower
Textbook: A social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations.
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Upper Middle Class
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Upper: $178,000-$300,000 a year. Own a nice house. 20% of all Americans
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Lower Middle Class
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$50,000-$178,000 a year. Modest house - may rent, autos are practical often. 40% of Americans
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Working Class
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Working Class: A Social Class broadly composed of
people working in blue-collar or manual occupations.
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Lower Class
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Lower Class: A social class composed of those who work part-time or not at all and whose household income is typically low.
Income: less than $29, 204
No accumulated wealth, lower education if any beyond
High School. May not have finished High School.
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Underclass
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The Underclass: A class of individuals situated atthe bottom of the class system. Often composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds.
Trapped by cycle of poverty
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Absolute Poverty
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Relative Poverty
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Poverty Line
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In the United States is Family of four -$23,550
An official government measure to define those living in poverty in the United States.
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Working Poor
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Working Poor: People who work but whose earnings
are not enough to lift them above the poverty line.
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High Income Countries
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$12,616 and higher annual income per person
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Middle Income Countries
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Upper Middle Income Countries:
$4,086 - $12,615 annual income per person
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Low Income Countries
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Lower Middle Income Countries:
$1,036 -$4,085 annual income per person
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Emerging Economies
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Market Oriented Theories (tend to be functionalist)
-Modernization Theory
-Neoliberalism
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Modernization Theory:
Argues that low income countries can develop economically IF they give up traditional ways.
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Dependency Theories (tend to be Conflict Theory)
-Colonialism
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Dependency Theories:
Marxist theories of economic development arguing that the poverty of low-income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multi-national corporations that are based in wealthy countries.
Colonialism: The process whearby Western n…
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World Systems Theory(theory all its own)
-Core Countries
-Peripheral Countries
-Semi-Peripheral Countries
-Global Commodity Chain
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World Systems Theory(theory all its own)
-Core Countries
-Peripheral Countries
-Semi-Peripheral Countries
-Global Commodity Chain World Systems Theory:
This theory emphasizes the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of the capitalist world economy.
Core Countries…
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State Centered Theories
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State Centered Theories:
Development theories that argue that appropriate government policies do not interfere with economic development, but rather can play a key role in bringing it about.
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Social Mobility
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Social Mobility: Movement of individuals or groups
among different social positions.
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Intergenerational Mobility
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Inter-generational Mobility: Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another.
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Intragenerational Mobility
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Intragenerational Mobility: Movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career.
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Downward Mobility
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Short-Range Downward Mobility: Social mobility that occurs when and individual moves from one position in the class structure to another of nearly eaqual status
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Social Reproduction
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Social Reproduction: The process whereby societies have structural continuity over time.
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Culture Capital
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Cultural Capital: Noneconomic or cultural resources that parents pass down to their children, such as language or knowledge.
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Sex
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Gender
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Gender Socialization
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What does it mean to "do" gender
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Social Construction of Gender
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Gender Inequality
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Two major questions:
Do women and men have equal access to valued societal resources?
Do women and men have similar life options?
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Gender Typing
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Sex Segregation
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2012 U.S. ratio to the dollar of women to men
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Comparable Worth
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Glass Ceiling
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Sexual Harassment
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Second Shift
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Housework
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Rape
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Rape Culture
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Feminist Theory
- Liberal Feminism
- Radical Feminism
- Black Feminism
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Ethnicity
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Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others. Members are aware of this cultural connection.
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Race
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Differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals
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Theory of Racial Formation
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The process by which social , economic and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories.
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Racialization
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The process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people. Racial distinctions are more than ways of describing human differences; they are also important factors in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.
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Racism
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The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics.
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Institutional Racism
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Patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions.
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Prejudice
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Refers to opinions and attitudes. The holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group.
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Discrimination
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Behavior that denies to the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others.
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Stereotype
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A fixed inflexible category
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Displacement
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the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object.
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Scapegoat
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the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object.
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Scapegoat
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An individual or group blamed for wrongs that were not of their own doing.
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Minority Group
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A group of people who are in a minority in a given society and who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society.
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Dominant Group
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The opposite of a minority group - the dominant group possesses more wealth, power and prestige within society.
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Genocide
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The systematic planned destruction of a racial, political or cultural group.
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Segregation
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The practices of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate - thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group.
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Assimilation
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The acceptance of a minority
group by a majority population - new group
takes on values and norms of the dominant
culture
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Melting Pot
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The idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources.
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Pluralism
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A model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities, yet share equally in rights and powers of citizenship.
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Multiculturalism
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The viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.
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Refugee
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A person who has fled his or her home due to political , economic or natural crisis.
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Immigration
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The movement of people into one country from another for the purpose of settlement
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Emigration
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The movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another.
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Diaspora
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The dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland with foreign areas often in a forces manner or under traumatic circumstances.
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"Racism is still with us. But it is up to us to prepare our children for what they have to meet, and, hopefully, we shall overcome."
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"Schools are successful only insofar as they reduce the dependence of a child's opportunities upon his social origins."
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James S. Coleman
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"I am a Black Feminist. I mean I recognize that my power as well as my primary oppressions come as a result of my blackness as well as my womaness, and therefore my struggles on both of these fronts are inseparable."
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"People resist exploitation. They resist as actively as they can, as passively as they must."
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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"One of the reasons inequality gets so deep in this country is that everyone wants to be rich. That's the American ideal. Poor people don't like talking about poverty because even though they might live in the projects surrounded by other poor people and have, like, ten dollars in the ban…
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...Jay Z
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"The labor of women in the house, certainly, enables men to produce more wealth than they otherwise could; and in this way women are economic factors in society. But so are horses."
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Jay-Z
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"The function of sociology, as of every science, is to reveal that which is hidden."
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Pierre Bourdieu
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SOCIO 211: Inequality