55 Cards in this Set
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statistical abstract
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common sense vs sociology
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sociology as a science
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way of developing knowledge about the world around us
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hypothesis
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a potential explanation for an observation that can be tested to determine if correct
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causality
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x precedes and is associated with a subsequent y
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hypotheses are statements about
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causality
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sociological imagination
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how to think sociologically
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private troubles
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micro level, individual is of immediate concern
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Sociological imagination proposes alternative futures
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exs
divine right of kings
slave ideology
freedom, democracy
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sociology is an emancipatory discipline
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free's and opens ones mind!
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reasons to understand sociology
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understand self and others with communities and rest of world
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you can change yourself of society if you like..
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because people make society
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Stratification
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Ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life changes in society
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older studies on stratification
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yankee city, lloyd warner
elmstown's youth, hollingsheat
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Lloyd Warner
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yankee city, 30s, class hierarchy based on social and economic distinctions
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Hollingshead class influence on mental health, working class
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more likely to develop psychosis
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Hollingshead class effects mental health Middle class
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likely to develop neurosis
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Hollingshead
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Studied class Elmstown's youth in CT.
5 class system, studied high school
questions about how family background effects class and success
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Upper class is upper class for 2 reasons
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-from "old money"
- control of key economic and political processes
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working class because
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had blue collar jobs in factory
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2 kinds of middle class
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cutting edge & declining edge. some being swallowed up in new big economy and some embracing it
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very different political aspirations despite being in the same class!
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yeah..
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Disadvantages to categorizing class
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-makes it hard to study individual success
- doesnt show influences of family background
- obscures mobility
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Social Mobility
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extent to which people move up or down in the class system
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intergenerational social mobility
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movement in class system from one generation to the next
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intragenerational social mobility
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social movement in a single generation
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Blau and Duncan
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studied social mobility, analyzing variables and relationship between career success and failure
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High mobility
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indicated by weak correlation between fathers and sons responses
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How measuring mobility matters
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-need continuous variables that allows ranking on a single scale
-need a scale that lies behind the thing being measured, so not a relative thing
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problems with measuring mobility - variables
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is 12 years of education really twice as much as 6? no
- changes in variables and time hard to measure
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Blau and Duncan 2 key aspects of problem with analyzing mobility
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1. chains of causation
2. multiple causal pathways
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Chains of causation (B&D)
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father's occupation influences son's education, which in turn shapes son's career prospects
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Multiple causal pathways (B&D)
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in this case, fathers occupation influences son's education and later directly influences son's job search
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Blau and Duncan Father-
son mobility model
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58% of son's job/success due to influences unknown or luck
7% background independently
14% background through education
21% education independently
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Blau and Duncan mobility model finding key point
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total family background and education independently has equal influence on career success!
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why is inequality necessary ?
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movitvation
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criteria for inequality
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opportunity (fair play)
outcome (fair share)
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radical thesis of inequality
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social inequality is fundamentally unjust and ultimately destructive to societies
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Conservative thesis of inequality
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social inequality reflects basic differences among people in creation, ability, or worth and is necessary to the orderly functioning of society
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anabaptists theory of inequality
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reject church hierarchy and advocate brotherhood of humility and simplicity
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protestants view of inequality
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MAX WEBER
-capitalism embraced inequality as long as earned by hard work
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jean-jacques Rousseau
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political authority comes from the consent of the governed, not divine right
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Karl Marx
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political economist
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means of production
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physical dimension
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relations of production
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human dimensions
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stages of societal development
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slavery, kings, capitalism, communism, socialism, etc
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Marx, great contradiction sociological debate
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workers make more but have less
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Sociological debate, Max Weber
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social class is more than relationship to the means of production
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Weber- 3 spheres in sociological debate
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economic- class
social realm- prestige
legal realm- party
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Sociological debate- Durkheim
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interested in maintaining order
- mechanical and organic solidarity
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Sociological debate: Davis and more- Functionalism
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stratification provides division of labor and motivation to work
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Sociological Debate: Melvin Tumin- CONFLICT
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efficient and productive?
limit talent, remove motivation, etc
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Functionalist
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Durkheim
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Conflict
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Marx, Weber
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Functionalists descendants (durkheim)
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talcott parsons
robert merton
davis, moore
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Conflict descendants (marx, weber)
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Dahrendorf
mills
tumin
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SOCIO 211: Inequality