SOCIO 211: Exam 1
73 Cards in this Set
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The sociological imagination
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Viewing problems as public issues instead of personal problems.
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Globalization
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Worldwide connections that influences society
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Auguste Compte
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Invented the word "sociology" and believed it was the last science to be developed
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Emile Durkheim
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Studied social facts like religion and the economy. He saw society as a body that needs all its parts to function in harmony.
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Karl Marx
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Focused primarily on the flaws of capitalism
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Max Webber
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Argued that christianity played an important role in the development of capitalism
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Harriet Martineau
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Introduced sociology to England
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W.E.B Du Boise
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First significant african american sociologist
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Symbolic interactionism
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All social interactions involve an exchange of information through symbols
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Functionalism
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Understanding the roles of events, activities, or institution to the workings of society as a whole
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Marxism & Class Conflict
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Concerns about power, conflict, and ideology. Commonly applied to capitalism and economic systems
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Feminism theory
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Perspective that women lives have been ignored & must be brought to the forefront of sociological thinking
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Postmodern theory
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Social life is not based in any kinds of linear history, but rather is always a flux. (The media is a key player in how people understand their lives)
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Micro sociology
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The study of everyday face- to -face interactions.
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Macro sociology
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The analysis of large social systems and institutions (Functionalists & Marxists)
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Types of research methods
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Ethnography, surveys, experimental designs, and comparative & historical sociology
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Chapter 2
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...
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Culture
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A set of values, norms, and behaviors shared by a social group.
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Culture is...
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learned
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Societies range from...
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A family to a nation
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Social control
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Having the ability to not conform to the norms and values of your society
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Ethnocentrism
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Viewing ones culture as normal and, oftentimes, superior
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Culture Relativism
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Judging other cultures based on their norms & standards
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Subculture
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A group whose norms and values differ from those of the "mainstream"
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Assimilation
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Different cultures are absorbed into a single mainstream
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Multiculturalism
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Respecting culture diversity & promoting equality
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Culture Universals
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Social institutions found in virtually all societies (IE: Language, marriage, art)
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Semiotics
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Clothing choices, styles of architecture, types of art, etc.
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Premodern Societies
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Hunting groups (Dominant), Settled agrarian & pastoral societies (Large, wealthy groups), and civilizations (large with a degree of inequality)
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When did sociology begin to exist?
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During industrialization
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Emerging economies (middle class countries)
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High rates of economic growth
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There is no escape from globalization today because of...
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technology
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Nationalism/Trib
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Forms of protest against western culture (often seen as Americanization)
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Socialization
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A process of social interaction through which people acquire (1) personality and identity and (2) the way of life of their society (IE: Boy dressing up as girl is not okay)
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G.H Mead
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Focused largely on primary socialization with infants & young children which occurs through them playing (acting certain roles)
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Jean Piaget
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Came up with the cognitive stages of development
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1. Sensorimeter
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Exploring the environment
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2. Pre operational
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Egocentric
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3. Concrete operational
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Basic abstraction
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4. Formal Operational
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Further abstraction & hypothetical reasoning
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Agents of socialization
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Groups/ social contexts. (IE: FAMILY, schools, peer groups, workplace)
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Social roles
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Mother, teacher, doctor, etc.
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What are the kinds of self identities?
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Social identity and self identity
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The construction of identity has changed over time because...
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It is no longer deeply rooted in family, there is higher geographical mobility, flexibility of religion, and less determination from the social world.
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Gender socialization
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The process of learning "appropriate" gendered behavior through agents of socialization
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What are the stages of life?
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Childhood, teenager, young adulthood, middle age, old age
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Social gerontology
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The sociological study of aging and the elderly
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Disengagement theory
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It is functional for society to remove older people from their roles to free up those roles for the younger generation
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Activity theory
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People who are busy leading fulfilling & productive lives can be functional for society
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Continuity theory
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Older adults fare best when they participate in activities that were consistent with their personality, preferences, and activities earlier in life
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Social conflict theory
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Stresses the ways in which the larger social structure helped shape unequal opportunities for the elderly
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Life course perspective
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View older people as playing an active role in determining their own physical & mental well-being, yet recognizing the constraints imposed by social structural factors.
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Elders in U.S culture face...
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Social isolation, a lack of respect, prejudice, abuse, and health problems at disproportional rates
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Chapter 4
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...
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Erving Goffman
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Developed Microsociology. Said that we social life is like theater
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Nonverbal communication
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Face & gestures, online communication, use of props and setting, personal space, and presentation of self
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Impression management
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Attempt to actively control the way others perceive you
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Focused interaction
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Directly engaging with someone
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Unfocused interaction
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We are present with others but do not communicate directly with them
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Audience segregation
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Parting people who play different roles in our lives (IE: In class in front of teacher vs at party with friends)
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Harold Garfinkel
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Introduces enthnomethodolgy
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Enthno methodology
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The study of how we make sense of interactions (IE: Answering the phone & saying goodbye/ Standing backwards in an elevator, etc.)
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Micro-macro linkage
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Shows how certain patterns in society have more power than others. (IE: Men vs women/ high class vs low class)
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Our every day life is divided by ____ and ____.
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Time and space (Skype vs face-to-face interaction)
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Chapter 5
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...
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Social groups
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People who share a sense of identity, expectations and values.
-Primary groups
-Secondary groups
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Reference groups
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Provide social standards (i.e.: religious leaders, actors, peers, etc.)
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Georg Simmel
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Dyads, triads, and larger groups.
-Intensity decreases
-Formal organizations increase
-Stability & exclusivity increase
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Transformational leaders
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Inspirational and change the purpose and meaning of a group. (i.e.: MLK)
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Transactional leaders
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Pragmatic & interested in accomplishing tasks (i.e.: president Bush)
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Solomon Asch
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Studied conformity under group pressure (line test)
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Stanley Milgram
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Studied conformity under obedience & authority. (electric shock test)
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Irving L. Janis
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Studied conformity under groupthink. (Ignoring info b/c of what you think is right)
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SOCIO 211: Inequality