GHTH 100 : EXAM 2
149 Cards in this Set
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Drug
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any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or functioning of the body
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Psychoactive Drug
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a drug that can alter a person's consciousness or experience
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intoxication
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the state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally a state of being poisoned)
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Addictive Behavior
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compulsive behavior associated with craving and pursuit of physical or psychological reward that interferes with family, school, work, and recreational activities
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Addiction
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A chronic disease that disrupts the brain's system of motivation and reward, characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behavior, and by harm to the individual and/or society
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Tolerance
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a physical state in which the body adapts to a drug so that the initial dose no longer produces the original physical or psychological effects
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Withdrawal
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Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug or behavior on which a user has become dependent.
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Physical Dependence
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the result of physiological adaptation that occurs in response to the frequent presence of a drug; typically associated with tolerance and withdrawal.
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Substance Dependence
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A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms that occur in someone who continues to use a substance despite suffering significant substance-related problems, leading to significant impairment or distress; also known as addiction
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Neurotransmitter
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a brain chemical that transmits nerve impulses
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Pharmaceutical Properties
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the overall effects of a drug on a person's behavior, psychology, and chemistry
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dose-response function
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the relationship between the amount of a drug taken and the intensity and type of the resulting effect
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time-action function
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the relationship between the time elapsed since a drug was taken and the intensity of its effect
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high
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the subjectively pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt quite soon after the drug is taken
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placebo effect
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a response to an inert or innocuous substance given in place of an active drug
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opioid
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any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness and/or euphoria; examples are opium, morphine, and heroin; aka narcotic
heroin: only example of a semi-synthetic opiate
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euphoria
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an exaggerated feeling of well being
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depressant
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sedative-hypnotic: a drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity, causing drowsiness or sleep
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central nervous system
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(CNS) the brain and spinal cord
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sedation
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the induction of a calm, relaxed, often sleepy state
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tranquilizer
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a CNS depressant that reduces tension and anxiety
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stimulant
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a drug that increases nervous or muscular activity
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state dependence
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a situation in which information learned in a drug-induced state is difficult to recall when the effect of the drug wears off
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depersonalization
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a state in which a person loses the sense of his or her reality or perceives his or her body as unreal
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hallucinogen
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any of several drugs that alter perception, feelings, or thoughts; examples are LSD, mescaline, and PCP
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synesthesia
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a condition in which a stimulus evokes not only the sensation appropriate to it but also another sensation of a different character, such as when a color evokes a specific smell
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flashback
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a perceptual distortion or bizarre thought that recurs after the chemical effects of a drug have worn off
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codependency
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a relationship in which a non-substance-abusing partner or family member is controlled by the abuser's behavior; codependent people frequently engage in enabling behaviors
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alcohol
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the intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages; a colorless, pungent liquid
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tobacco
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the leaves of cultivated tobacco plants prepared for smoking, chewing or use as snuff
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proof value
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two times the percentage of alcohol, by volume, in an alcoholic beverage; a "100-proof" beverage is 50% alcohol by volume
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one drink
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the amount of a beverage that typically contains about 0.6 ounce of alcohol; aka standard drink
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metabolism
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the chemical transformation of food and other substances in the body into energy and wastes
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blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
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the amount of alcohol in the blood, expressed as the percentage of alcohol in a deciliter of blood; used as a measurement of intoxication
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cirrhosis
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a disease in which the liver is severely damaged by alcohol, other toxins or infection
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cardiac myopathy
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weakening of the heart muscle through disease
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alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)
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cognitive and behavioral problems seen in people whose mother's drank alcohol during pregnancy
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alcohol abuse
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the use of alcohol to a degree that causes physical damage, impairs functioning, or results in behavior harmful to others
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alcohol dependence (alcoholism)
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a pathological use of alcohol or impairment in functioning die to alcohol; characterized by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
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binge drinking
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periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication, usually from consuming five or more drinks in about two hours (men) or four or more drinks in about two hours (women)
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Hallucination
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a false perception that does not correspond to external reality, such as seeing visions or hearing voices that are not there
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delirium tremens (the DTs)
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a state of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in the an alcohol-dependent person. other symptoms are sweating, trembling, anxiety, hallucinations, and seizures
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cigarette tar
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a brown, sticky mass created when the chemical particles in tobacco smoke condense
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carcinogen
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any substance that causes cancer
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cocarcinogen
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a substance that works with carcinogens to cause cancer
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sidestream smoke
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the uninhaled smoke from a burning cigarette
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cerebral cortex
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the outer layer of the brain, which controls complex behavior and mental activity
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coronary heart disease (CHD)
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cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle, aka coronary artery disease
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atherosclerosis
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cardiovascular disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances (called plaque) in the walls of the arteries
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plaque
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a deposit on the inner wall of blood vessels; blood can coagulate around plaque and form a clot
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angina pectoris
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chest pain due to coronary heart disease
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack caused by the complete blockage of a main coronary artery
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emphysema
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a disease characterized by a loss of lung tissue elasticity and destruction of the air sacs, impairing the lung's ability to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
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chronic bronchitis
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recurrent, persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes
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environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
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smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, as well as smoke that s exhaled by smokers; aka second-hand smoke
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mainstream smoke
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smoke that is inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled into the atmosphere
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Cardiovascular Disease
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the collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels
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Cardiovascular System
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the system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart and blood vessels
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Pulmonary Circulation
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the part of the circulatory system controlled by the right side of the heart; the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
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Systemic Circulation
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The part of the circulatory system controlled by the left side of the heart, the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body
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vena cava
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either of two large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart
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atrium
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either of the two upper chambers to the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles
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Ventricle
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either of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood into the lungs and other parts of the body
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Aorta
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the large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body
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diastole
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the relaxation phase of the heart
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systole
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the contraction phase of the heart
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vein
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the vessel that carries blood to the heart
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artery
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a vessel that carries blood away from heart
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capillary
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a small blood vessel that exchanges oxygen and nutrients between the blood and the tissues
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coronary artery
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one of the systems of arteries branching from the aorta that provides blood to the heart muscle
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platelets
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cells in the blood that are necessary for the formation of blood clots
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hypertension
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sustained abnormally high blood pressure
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atherosclerosis
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a form of CVD in which arteries become narrow, and blood supply is reduced (poor diet, lack of exercise)
Atherosclerosis: normal ageing process, same effect
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lipoproteins
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protein-and-lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and cholesterol; classified according to size, density, and chemical composition
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low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
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a lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol, which tends to become deposited on artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease; "bad cholesterol"
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high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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a lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protects against heart diseases; "good cholesterol"
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hypertrophy
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abnormal enlargement of an organ
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triglyceride
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a type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease
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plaque
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a deposit of fatty (and other) substances on the inner wall of an artery
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coronary heart disease (CHD)
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heart disease caused by atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease
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Meghan Mills
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Greatest girlfriend any man has every had or asked for
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heart attack
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damage to, or death of, heart muscle resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart ; aka myocardial infarction (MI)
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angina pectoris
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pain in the chest, and often in the left arm and shoulder, caused by the heart muscle not receiving enough blood. The pain is usually brought on by exercise or stress
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arrhythmia
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a change in the heart's normal pattern
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sudden cardiac death
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a non-traumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, the victims have underlying heart disease
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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a technique involving mouth-to-mouth breathing and/or chest compressions to keep oxygen flowing to the brain
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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a test to detect cardiac abnormalities by evaluating the electrical activity of the heart
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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a computerized imaging technique that uses a string magnetic field to create detailed pictures of body structures
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angiogram
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a picture of the arterial system taken after injecting a dye that is opaque to x-rays
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balloon angioplasty
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a technique in which a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip is inserted into an artery; the balloon is then inflated at eh point of obstruction in the artery, pressing the plaque against the artery wall to improve blood supply
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coronary bypass surgery
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surgery in which a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to a point below an obstruction in a coronary artery, improving the blood supply to the heart
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stroke
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impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called a cerebrovascular accident
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ischemic stroke
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impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot
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thrombus
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a blood clot in a blood vessel that usually remains the point of its formation
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embolus
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a blood clot that breaks off from its place or origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream
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hemorrhagic stroke
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impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel
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aneurysm
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a sac formation by a distention or dilation of the artery wall
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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a small stroke; usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficulty with speech
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computed tomography (CT)
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the use of computerized X-ray images to create a cross-sectional depiction (scan) of tissue density
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peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
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atherosclerosis in the arteries in the legs (or less commonly, the arms) that can impede blood flow and lead to pain, infection, and the loss of the affected limb
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pulmonary edema
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the accumulation of fluid in the lungs
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congestive hear failure
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a condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body's metabolic needs: blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.
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congenital heart defect
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a defect or malformation of the hart or its major blood vessels, present at birth.
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
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An inherited condition in which there is an enlargement of the heart muscle, especially the muscle between the two ventricles.
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murmur
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An abnormal heart sound indication turbulent blood flow through a valve or hole in the heart.
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rheumatic fever
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A disease, mainly of children, characterized by fever, inflammation, and pain in the joints. It often damages the heart valves and muscle, a condition called rheumatic heart disease.
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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A condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction, allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
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cancer
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the abnormal, uncontrollable multiplication of cells
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tumor
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tumor a mass of tissues that serves no physiological purpose; also called neoplasm
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benign tumor
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a tumor that is not cancerous
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malignant tumor
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a tumor that is capable of spreading and thus is cancerous
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lymphatic system
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a system of vessels that returns proteins, lipids, and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system
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biopsy
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the removal of a small piece of body tissue; a needle biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample of tissue, but some biopsies require surgery
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
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remission
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a period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease
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anticarginogen
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an agent that destroys or otherwise blocks the action of carcinogens
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carotenoid
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any of a group of yellow-to-red plant pigments that can be converted into vitamin A by the liver; many act as antioxidants or have other anti-cancer effects. The carotenoids include beta carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin
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phytochemical
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a naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease; "phyto" means plant
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ultraviolet (UV) radiation
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light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
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chemotherapy
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the treatment of cancer with chemicals that selectively destroy cancerous cells
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carcinoma
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cancer that originates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of internal organs)
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sarcoma
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cancer arising from bone cartilage, or striated muscle
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lymphoma
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a tumor originating from lymphatic tissue
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leukemia
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cancer of the blood or the blood forming cells
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five-year relative survival rate
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the percentage of patients diagnosed with a certain disease who will be alive five years after the date od diagnosis; used to estimate the prognosis of a particular disease
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polyp
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a small, usually harmless mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum
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mammogram
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a low-dose X-ray of the breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer
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ultrasonography
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an imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor; also called ultrasound
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monoclonal antibody
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an antibody designed to bind to a specific cancer-related target
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
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a screening test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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incontinence
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the inability to control the flow of urine
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Pap test
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the scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer
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melanoma
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a malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole
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basal cell carcinoma
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cancer of the deepest layers of the skin
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squamous cell carcinoma
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cancer of the surface layers of the skin
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sunscreen
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a substance used to protect the skin from UV rays; usually applied as a lotion, cream or spray
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physical addiction vs psychological
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physical: tolerance withdrawal
psychological: addiction, addictive behaviors
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withdrawal symptoms
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cardiac arrest
repertory arrest
suffocation
convulsions/seizures
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Ways to Take Drugs
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ingestion
inunction (topical/transdermal)-slowest
inhalation-fastest
injection (intramuscular or intervenes)
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Central Nervous System Depressant
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barbiturates
Meth
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Central Nervous System Stimulants
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Amphetamines
cocaine
Ritalin
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Ways to Categorize Drugs (Effects)
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Opioids
Central Nervous System Depressants
CNS Stimulants
Marijuana (Cannabis)
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
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Drug Factors
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the properties of the drug itself and differences in how it is used
pharmaceutical properties
dose-response function
time-action function
drug-use history
method of use
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synergistic effect
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two drugs with like properties are taken together, much greater effect
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3 major Trends with Alcohol today
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binge drinking
women and drinking
synergistic effect
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Alcohol Emergency
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coma/unconscious
slow breathing
vomiting
seizures
rapid pulse (100 beats or more/sec)
clammy/pale
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Biology of Alcohol Use
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20% absorbed in stomach, 80% in small intestine (how alcohol gets to bloodstream), metabolizes in liver
effects nerve cells on brain, slows down reactions, effects memory and emotions
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Blood pressure
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Normal: 120/80
Abnormal: 140/90
mm/hg systolic/diastolic
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Movement of Blood
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veins (red) carry blood to the heart
arteries (blue) carry blood away from heart
capillaries-tiny vessels
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GHTH 100: CHAPTER 17