GHTH 100 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-10Lecture 8 (February 19)I. Drug Abuse and Addiction- Note: emphasis on mixing alcohol with other drugs (prescription) and laws and consequences.- What is addiction?- Habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body.- Psychological Addiction- Physical Addiction Tolerance- takes more to get the same effect Withdrawal- can lead to seizures, strokes, and heart attack.- Concept of addiction as a disease process, based in brain chemistry rather than moral failing, led to many advances.- Addictive behaviors.- Characteristics of addictive behavior:-Reinforcement-compulsion or craving-loss of control-escalation-negative consequences  People use drugs for positive reinforcement (happiness, social acceptance.) or negative (to forget bad things that have happened, to suppress feelings)- Examples of addictive behavior:-Compulsive gambling-compulsive exercising-work addiction-sex and love addiction-compulsive buying or shopping-internet addiction- Drug use, Abuse, Dependence Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the body-Prescription medicines-over-the-counter medicine-caffeine-tobacco-alcohol-illegal substances- Method of use: 4 major routes of administration1. Inhalation- snorting, inhaling (fastest way to the brain, shortest high)2. Injection- into the veins (2nd fastest way, intermuscular) 3. Ingestion- by the mouth (3rd fastest way and the 2nd most common)4. Injunction- absorbed through the skin (pain relief lotion, birth control, nicotine patches—slowest time to take effect)- Representative Psychoactive Drugs Opioids (narcotics)-Natural or synthetic or semi-synthetic (most are synthetic)-opium, morphine, heroine, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, fentanyl.-Know the effects, medical uses, methods of administration (injection, snorting, sniffing, or smoking) and symptoms of overdose.Lecture 9 (February 24)I. Alcohol and Tobacco- 3 Major Themes1. Binge Drinking2. Women and Alcohol3. Mixing Alcohol with other Drugs- What’s in a standard drink?- Absorption 20 percent is rapidly absorbed from the stomach into the bloodstream 75 - 80 percent is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestines Remaining amounts are absorbed along the GI track Affected by many factors › Carbonation› Artificial sweeteners› Food in the stomach› Alcohol concentration› Eventually all the alcohol ingested will be absorbed- The immediate effects: Dependent on individual, circumstances, amount consumed BAC of .03 percent to .05 percent—first effects felto Light-headedness, relaxation, release of inhibitions, mild euphoria Higher BAC—negative effects o Impaired coordination, speech, intelligence Alcohol hangover Alcohol poisoning Using alcohol with other drugs Alcohol-related injuries and violence Alcohol and aggression Alcohol and sexual decision making- Possible Health Benefits from Alcohol: On average, light to moderate drinkers live longer than both abstainers and heavy users Moderate drinking = one drink or less per day for women and one to two drinks per day for meno May lower risk of coronary heart diseaseo Raises blood levels of HDL (“good” cholesterol)o May lower risk of diabetes, arterial blockages, and Alzheimer’s- Who uses Tobacco and why? 69.6 million Americans currently smoke 21.5 percent of men and 17.3 percent of women smoked in 2008 Nicotine addiction o Nicotine: powerful psychoactive drug The most physically addictive of all psychoactive drugs Reaches the brain via the bloodstream in secondso Loss of controlo Tolerance and withdrawal Established habits or cues trigger urge to smoke Why start in the first place?  Nearly 90 percent of all adult smokers started before age 18 Average age for starting smoker and smokeless tobacco users is 15 Rationalizing the dangers Acts on the brain either by exciting or tranquilizing the nervous system Inhibits formation of urine Constricts blood vessels Accelerates heart rate Elevates blood pressure Depresses hunger contractions Dulls taste buds- Long Term Effects of Smoking:- Cardiovascular Diseaseo Coronary heart disease (CHD)o Atherosclerosis —plaque build upo Myocardial infarctiono Strokeo Aortic aneurysm o Pulmonary heart disease- Lung cancer and other cancers- Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseo Emphysemao Chronic bronchitisLecture 10 (February 26) I. The Heart- Systole- The period of the heart’s contraction (normally higher)- Diastole- the period of the heart’s relaxation- A normal systolic pressure number is 120 or less- 120 over 80 mmhg is considered normal, for college students age group the normal would be around 110 or less. (mmhg=mercury)- 140 over 90 mmhg is considered high. If it’s more than 140, it’ll have to be monitored over time, could be hypertension. - The Blood Vessels-Veins carry blood to the heart-Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart-The coronary artery carries de-oxygenated blood into the lungs- Risk Factors:1. Tobacco use2. High Blood Pressure3. High Cholesterol - Tobacco Use: 1 in 5 deaths A pack a day =twice the risk of heart attack and high risk of death Smoking Damages the lining of the arteries Reduces the HDL (good cholesterol) Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate Raises triglycerides and LDL (bad cholesterol) Smokeless tobacco still contains nicotine. 1 pinch of Dip = 10 times the amount ofnicotine in cigarettes. Dip doesn’t lead to heart disease as much as smoking does because it doesn’t go through the lungs. However, you’re more likely to get mouth or throat cancers. High Blood Pressure Atherosclerosis- causes arteries to become clogged or narrowed. Africans are at a greater risk heart disease. High Cholesterol- The desired number would be less than 200 mg/dl Physical Inactivity- 40-60 million Americans are so sedentary that they are at highrisk for developing CVD. Exercise highly reduces the risk of heart