Sociology 304: Study Guide
86 Cards in this Set
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Hate crime characteristics
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•brutal--force exercised to maximize pain and suffering and manifest hatred
•usually people who don't know each other--random
•interchangeability of victims--not a specific person but a person in their category
•often multiple offenders
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Hate crime defined
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violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic
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Defensive hate crime
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reinforcing community, could also be thrill seeking
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Culture of hate
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•hatred is expressed in mass culture (art, music, religion, humor) which influences how people think, grow up, are socialized
•stereotypes justify behavior
•mostly people under 25
****A PERSON'S GROUP AFFILIATION PROVIDES A BASIS FOR DEHUMANIZING AND INSULTING TREATMENT****
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Types of hate crimes
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1) thrill seeking
2) defensive
3) mission
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Thrill-seeking hate crime
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•most common
•no precipitating incident, harassing those who are "different"
•"social payoff"
•psychological payoff
•often a group of perpetrators
•no economic motivation, just claim to status and bragging rights
•gays more likely to be assaulted
•interchangeability of victims
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"Social payoff"
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•friends approve
•idea of gaining status and approval of peers for perpetrating crimes
•egging each other on
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Psychological payoff
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thrill of making someone suffer
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Psycho-social threat
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sexual identity formation for people who haven't formulated their identity yet
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Interchangeability of victims
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•within group
•across the group--vulnerable
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Defensive hate crimes
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reaction to what the perpetrator considers a triggering incident that rationalizes their expression of anger
•sense of entitlement (their houses are losing value/jobs being taken)
•victim is an outsider, perpetrators see themselves as defending their community/turf
•interchangeability
…
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Defensive hate crime targets
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individual or set of individuals who are perceived to constitute a personal threat
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Mission hate crimes
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•rarest
•attack carried out by someone with a mission seeking to rid the world of "evil" by disposing of members of a despised group
•perpetrator sees a higher-order purpose
•seek to eliminate an entire category--conspirational thinking, revenge
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Example of mission crime
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Marc Lepine ordering male students to leave and "got even" with feminist women he felt were responsible for his troubles with a rifle bc he was rejected by engineering school and felt that the women took his spot
•killed 14 women
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Examples of defensive hate crime
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•AA family moving into a white neighborhood
•Latino recently promoted at work
•student who dates an Asian peer
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Example of thrill-seeking hate crime
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•2001 in Kentucky
•targeted international students walking back to dorms from library, asked for directions and when they approached the vehicle smashed their faces
•chosen at random
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James Byrd
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•Two Towns of Jasper
•midnight, three white guys in truck drinking and looking for women
•spotted Byrd on the rode, offered him a ride, abused him
•3AM, forced Byrd out of the truck, beat him up, sprayed his face black, dragged him behind the car for two miles, decapitated him
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Hate Crime Statistics Act
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law requires data to be gathered about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity
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Public order crimes
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•"consensual crimes"
•the state should stay our of the business of enforcing morality
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Policing morality vs. protection of society
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•consensual crimes reflect laws that are in the interest of people in power, reinforcing social inequality because the most powerless are being regulated
•some say its crucial to enforce law against these crimes because it protects people from real harm
•morality vs. protection
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Types of public order crimes
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1) drug use: legal/illegal
2) prostitution
3) gambling
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Psychoactive drugs
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any substance that physiologically affects our behavior by changing our mood, perception or mental state
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Legal drug use
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•HS seniors--66% used alcohol in past year
•College students--82% have drank in past year, 44% binge drank in past two weeks
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Illegal drug use
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•drug use not socially accepted by society
•45% of people age 12+ have used an illegal drug at least once in their lifetime
•59% of 18-25 year olds have had this experience, usually with marijuana
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Explaining illegal drug use
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•economic deprivation
•excitement
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Economic deprivation and illegal drugs
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•economic deprivation = despair which promotes drug use
•provides a way to forget about conditions of poverty, allows feeling of euphoria
•response to blocked opportunity
•more prevalent in inner cities
•provides economic opportunity--could get involved in drug trade
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Excitement and illegal drugs
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•provides opportunity for pursuit of risk that appeals to desire of adventure/thrill
•drug use/shoplifting/etc.
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"In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio" (Borgouis)
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•drug selling
•dealing crack = lots of fast money
•exceptional nights drive desire to get even bigger returns on labor (10x)
•poor working conditions
•dignity that is not attainable in conventional low wage work (street cred.)
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Do drugs cause crime?
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•strong correlation between illegal drug use and crime
•regular users do engage in other crime and criminals do use drugs
•spuriousness
•delinquency precedes drug use in longitudinal studies
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Approaches to the legalization of drugs
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1) alcohol-model
2) laissez-faire model
3) decriminalize certain drugs (marijuana but not heroin)
4) all have harmful consequences but it is not the role of law enforcement to regulate drug use
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Alcohol-model
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legalize possession of drugs but government would control the way they are sold
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Laissez-faire model
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decriminalizing it but having a hands off approach--no state control involved
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Pro-legalization of drugs
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•drug laws create crime and problems
•drug laws cost money to enforce
•drug laws fill up prisons
•drug laws create disrespect for law
•drug laws are good for organized crime
•drug laws create opportunities for official corruption
•tax could contribute to other means
•civil liberties
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Anti-legalization of drugs
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•could reduce use of illegal drugs
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Harm reduction policies concerning drug use
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•more of a public health problem than a criminal issue
•giving sterile needles to community to reduce spread of infection
•more cost effective to treat problems than criminalize them
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Entering prostitution
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•histories of abuse (a way of gaining self-esteem)
•usually stems from abusive situation
•sex for extra income
•a variety of pathways
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Pathways to prostitution
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1) street prostitutes--runaways (MOST COMMON)
2) recruited by pimps
3) drift in after being involved in other branches
4) other branches and then move to prostitution
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Street workers vs. indoor sex work
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•differences in victimization rates, higher among street workers
•still at risk of STD/unprotected sex
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Off street workers
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•not risk free but safer
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Legalization debate concerning prostitution
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•pros = public health prospective, tax prospective
•cons = normalizing it and allowing the victimization of women
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International Trafficking in Prostitution
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•100,000+ women in last decade
•recruited through papers, mail, friend/acquaintance, bondage situations
•valued at $7 billion annually
•over 1 million trafficked
•50-100,000 into the US for labor/sexual exploitation
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Weitzer's research on prostitution
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•about 15-18% of men say they've paid someone for sex in their lifetime
•motivations:
1) want someone with a certain image
2) dissatisfaction with current partner
3) thrilling
4) difficulty finding a partner
5) wish to avoid long term obligations
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Youth gangs (Thrasher)
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interstitial group formed spontaneously and then integrated through CONFLICT
**among illegal activity is not mentioned
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Walter Miller's definition of "gangs"
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•desire to achieve a purpose, be in illegal activity
•needs illegal activity and well defined organizational structure
•involves territory
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Finn-Aage Esbensen's definition of "gangs"
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•involvement in illegal activity
•ages 12-24
•more than 2 people
•identifiable gang name
•certain colors/symbols to claim affiliation
•geographical area
*** ILLEGAL ACTIVITY IS MOST IMPORTANT ***
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History of gangs in USA
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•20s-40s = turf (Thrasher era definition)
•50s = teenage gangs
60s = drugs
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Organizational features of "urban gangs"
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•vertical/hierarchical
•horizontal
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Vertical/hierarchical gangs
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•Chicago
•command of great respect associated with people at the top, lesser ranks at the bottom
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Horizontal gangs
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•Bloods/crips--LA gangs
•confederations of 100s of subgroups/sets (often neighborhood lines, 20-30 members with same level of hierarchy)
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Shakur's "Monster"
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•autobiography about becoming a Crip
•11 years old and was "courted in", rite of passage/initiation ritual involved shooting a man
•was labeled a monster and had to be more vicious to live up to the label
•official gangster (OG) status
•emphasis on reputation
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"Sweet Mothers and Gangbangers"
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•research only focused on poor AA groups, not middle or working class
•AA neighborhood surrounded by impoverished neighborhoods, violence spills over
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Groveland ("Sweet Mothers and Gangbangers")
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•home to one of the top gangs in Chicago and top AA lawmaker
•young people introduced to gang life and important political role models-- different ways of life
•stability/dense networks facilitates social control but doesn't prevent criminal behavior, gang goes elsewhere to sell drugs
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Gangs, Gender, and Violence by Jodi Miller
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•mixed gender gangs with both (most common)
•female gangs affiliated with male gangs
•independent female gangs (least common)
***guns more prevalent with males***
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Cycle of violence hypothesis
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abused children become abusers and victims of violence become violent offenders
•abuse as a child leading to abusive parenting
•abused children become delinquent
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Direct victimization vs. indirect victimization
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you were the victim vs. witnessing violence victimizing others
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Re-victimizations
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•if you've been a victim of a violent act then you will again at a later point in life
•child abuse and intimate partner violence
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Poly-victimization
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usually children exposed to violence are exposed to several forms of violence:
•victimization by peers, community, household violence
**more than one type of victimization during ONE time in life**
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Physical abuse
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when an individual "knowingly and willfully inflicted unnecessary severe corporal punishment or unnecessary physical suffering upon a child or children
•striking, kicking, punching, biting, throwing, or burning
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Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
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can involve emotional and physical abuse items
•as a grown up you can report what happened in your childhood
•done retrospectively
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Sexual abuse
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involves a variety of charges from nonspecific "assault and battery" to "intent to gratify sexual desires" to detailed "fondling and touching in an obscene manner"
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Neglect
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child having no proper parent care or guardianship
•destitute or homeless or be living in a physically dangerous environment
•reflects a judgment that there is a serious omission of basic needs by the parents
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Widom's study design
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•prospective study (not retrospective)
•separates abused and neglected groups
•cohort design, matched demographics and ages
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Widom's findings
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•those who experienced physical abuse/neglect at young age showed higher levels of violence as adults
•those who were sexually abused did NOT show elevated violence as adults
•support cycle for violence was limited to physical abuse and neglect, NOT sexual abuse
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Two types of intimate partner violence
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•patriarchal terrorism
•common couple violence
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Patriarchal terrorism
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•systematic and intentional abuse
•form of social control through economic, mental, emotional, and physical means
•seeks to isolate and subordinate
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Common couple violence
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•in conflict with partner and one of the tactics you use to deal with that conflict is to hit them
•affirmation in a survey that you have hit your partner, no context or severity, no gender equality
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Co-occuring partner violence and child abuse
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when adults in household have been victimized the risk of child victimization increases
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Types of violence
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•intimate partner or domestic violence
•parent to child maltreatment
•sibling maltreatment
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Family as social institution
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•time at risk bc we spend a lot of time with family members so the likelihood of conflict occurring increases
•age and sex differences, assignment of chores, etc. based upon this
•privacy of household means we don't always know what happens and there is often no options for children to …
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Terrorism
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•political crime
•involves violence as a means to promote social change
•uses communication through violence that a problem exists
•social construction
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Terrorism as a social construction
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involves interpretation of events and people have different views (terrorism vs. liberation/martyrdom)
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White Collar Crime according to Sutherland
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a crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his occupation
•not just a civil matter, also a criminal matter
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Occupational WCC
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committing crime in an occupation for personal gain
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Examples of occupational WCC
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•employee theft/pilferage
•embezzlement--taking company funds and using them for yourself
•fraud in professions (overbilling)
•financial fraud
•police/political corruption
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Organizational WCC
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crime committed with support from organization--intended to advance corporation goals
**GROUP activity, not the decision of one person**
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Examples of organizational WCC
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financial--corporate fraud, cheating, corruption
•Enron's exaggeration of assets
violence--unsafe workplaces, unsafe products
•Ford Pinto where car could explode from being rear-ended
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Costs of WCC vs. street crime
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•WCC = HIGH estimated economic loss, 120,000 deaths
•street crime = low in comparison (property crime, robbery), 20,000 deaths
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Explanations of WCC
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•American dream, pressure of companies to be the best by any means possible
•capitalism
•corporate culture and learning theories
•self-control view
•social capital
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Corporate culture and learning theories (WCC)
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•law breaking might be encouraged to advance corporate profits
•businesses place demands on employees
•employees learn attitudes/techniques from their business peers
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Self-control view (WCC)
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social learning theories make more sense
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Social capital (WCC)
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element of trust, relationships with people might enable you to carry out crime
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Features of white collar offenses
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•legitimate access
•spatial separation
•superficial appearance of legitimacy
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Techniques for committing WCC
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1) deception
2) abuse of trust
3) concealment and conspiracy
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Preventing/reducing WCC
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•media
•budgets for regulatory agencies
•compliance vs. deterrence
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Deterrence
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detect and punish
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Compliance
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incentives to obey the law
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SOCI 304: Exam 1