PSY 322: EXAM 1
115 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
The Mind
|
creates and controls mental functions such as perception, thinking, deciding, emotions attention memory and reasoning
|
|
cognition
|
the mental processes such as perception attention and memory that make up what the mind doesQ
|
|
Donders question
|
how long does it take to make a decision
|
|
reaction time
|
how long it takes to respond to the presentation of a stimulus
|
|
simple reaction time
|
subjects were asked to push a button when they saw a light
|
|
choice reaction time
|
subjects were asked to push left button when left light flashed and right button when right light flashed
|
|
donders concluded that the process took
|
1/10 of a second
|
|
Wundts main focus was
|
structuralism
|
|
structuralism is defined as
|
our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations
|
|
analytic introspection
|
trained subjects were asked to describe their thought processes using elementary mental processes
|
|
Ebbinghaus known for
|
time course of forgetting
|
|
savings
|
(Original time to learn ) - (time to relearn)
|
|
savings curve
|
shows that memory drops rapidly after first two days of initial learning then levels off
|
|
william james knows for
|
principles of psychology, reported on his own experience and observation
|
|
Watson is knows for
|
behavorism
|
|
Behaviorism is
|
observation and focuses on behavior rather than consciousness. Rejects introspection.
The little albert experiment is an example of behaviorism
|
|
Classical Conditioning
|
pairing one stimulus with another neutral stimulus to change the response of the neutral stimulus.
example little albert experiment:
Neutral stimulus (rat) is paired with an adverse stimulus (loud noise) to create a different response
|
|
Pavlovs dog
|
classical experiment
neutral stimulus (bell) paired with food = dog salivating
eventually the sound of the bell makes the dog salivate
|
|
Operant conditioning
|
behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcements
|
|
Skinners box
|
an example of operant conditioning.
A rat is given food when it presses a lever.
Eventually the rat will continue to press the lever because it is being positively reinforced with food.
|
|
Cognitive map
|
illustrated by Tolman's 'rat in cage' experiment. There was a mental concept of the maze within the rats mind. Even without positive reinforcement the rat was learning.
|
|
Information Processing Approach
|
traces sequence of mental operations in cognition
influenced by flow diagrams for computers.
|
|
Colin Cherry's attention experiment
|
was influenced by flow diagrams of the mind. When people listened to an attending message they were still aware of the unattended message but were unaware of the content
|
|
Artificial intelligence
|
question of weather a computer could process information like a human mind
|
|
logic theorist
|
programs that used human like thinking to solve problems
|
|
Structural models
|
representations of physical structures to simplify and show location (ex-a plastic brain to show were the medulla is)
|
|
process models
|
represents the processes that are involved un cognitive mechanisms. (ex a flow chart or filter diagrams)
|
|
level of analysis
|
the same topic can be studied in a number of different ways and applied to different things
|
|
neurons
|
create and transmit informations
|
|
nerve net
|
continuous and complex network for transmitting neurons and providing uninterrupted information
|
|
neurone doctrine
|
thought that individual cells transmit individual thoughts to the nervous system (untrue)
|
|
cell body
|
metabolic center of neuron
|
|
dendrite
|
finger like structures that branch out form cell body to RECEIVE SIGNALS from other neurons
|
|
Axons
|
(nerve fibers) TRANSMIT SIGNALS to other neurons
|
|
Synapse
|
small gap between axons and dendrites ~synaptic gap
|
|
neural circuits
|
interconnected nuerons
|
|
receptors
|
similar to neurons- that pick up information from the brain, receptors pick up information from the environment via the eyes and ear etc.
|
|
resting potential
|
the charge of a neuron at rest. (-70mV)
|
|
action potential
|
the volt that lasts 1/1000 of a second before returning to resting potential
|
|
principle of neural representation
|
everything a person experiences is based on representation on the nervous system- not on direct contact
|
|
retina
|
layer of neuron that line back of eye
|
|
visual cortex
|
area of brain that receives signals from eye
|
|
feature detectors
|
respond to specific stimuli such as orientation, movement and length
|
|
hierarchical processing
|
process from lower to higher levels of brain
|
|
sensory coding
|
how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
|
|
Specificity coding
|
thought that once specific neuron recognizes one specific object
|
|
population coding
|
a population of neurons recognize one object
|
|
sparse coding
|
different neurons react together to recognize different objects
|
|
localization of functions
|
specific functions of the brain are served by specific areas of the brain
|
|
cerebral cortex
|
cognitive functions
|
|
Brocas area
|
located in left frontal lobe "Tan". language production is impaired- they may have an idea that they have a problem (can clearly count from 1-10)
|
|
Wernickes area
|
located in temporal lobe, fluent speech but was incoherent. language comprehension is impaired they have no idea they have a problem.
|
|
Occipital lobe
|
sight
|
|
temporal lobe
|
hearing
|
|
parietal lobe
|
touch, pressure, pain
|
|
frontal lobe
|
coordination and higher cognitive functions
|
|
Prosopagnosia
|
the inability to recognize faces
|
|
Brain Imaging
|
processes that make it possible to tell which areas of the brain are activated by different cognitions
|
|
MRI
|
detects tumors and brain abnormalities CANNOT DETECT NEURAL ACTIVITY
|
|
fMRI
|
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
indicates how cognitive activity works
|
|
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
|
information about spatial layout
|
|
Extrastiate Body Area (EBA)
|
activated by different parts of the body but not the face
|
|
Disributed representation
|
specific cognitive functions activate many different areas of the brain (maybe relation to brain plasticity)
|
|
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
|
shows how water diffuses to show length of nerve fibers (idk what this is lol)
|
|
Perception
|
experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
|
|
inverse projection problem
|
starts with retinal images and extending rays out from eye (brain to body) top down
|
|
Bottom Up processing
|
sequence of events from eye to brain. Usually used for more complex, slower ideas
|
|
Top Down Processing
|
Using contextual clues and schemas
starts in top of our brain
|
|
Speech segmentation
|
the ability to tell when one word ends and another begins due to familiarity with that language
|
|
Direct Pathway Model
|
idea that pain occurs when receptors on the skin called nociceptos are stimulated and send their signals in a direct pathway to the brain GOOD EXAMPLE OF BOTTOM UP PROCESSING
|
|
placebo effect
|
use of placebo given to people in pain shows how pain is actually a top down process
|
|
Helmholtz's likelihood principle
|
we perceive the object that is most likely to have causes the pattern
|
|
apparent movement
|
movement is perceived when it is not actually there (example flashing lights )
|
|
Gestalt Psychology
|
the whole is different from the sum of its parts
TOP DOWN!!! the only perception theory that utilizes top down processing
|
|
Principles of perceptual organization
|
the way we perceive things to be grouped together
|
|
Principle of good continuation
|
things that are of similar design are connected (coiled rope example)
|
|
Pragnanz (good figure/ principle of simplicity)
|
we perceive things in the simplest way possible
|
|
similarity principle
|
we group similar things together
|
|
semantic regularities
|
our schemas for functions being carried out in specific settings (you cook and eat in a kitchen)
|
|
Bayesian effect
|
our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by prior outcomes and the likelihood of that event
|
|
Brain ablation
|
removing parts of the brain (on a monkey to see how it effects cognition)
|
|
attention
|
the ability to focus on specific stimuli
|
|
selective attention
|
attending to one thing while ignoring others
|
|
distraction
|
one stimulus interfering with the process of another
|
|
divided attention
|
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
|
|
attentional capture
|
a rapid shift in attention usually caused by an unexpected stimulus
|
|
visual scanning
|
literally looking at different shit
|
|
cocktail party effect
|
the ability to focus on one stimulus while there are many others around
|
|
bottleneck model
|
another name for broadbents model because the filter restricts the flow much as the neck of a bottle would
|
|
attentuator
|
analyzes the incoming messages by its physical characteristics and its language
|
|
attenuation model of attention
|
analysis of the message proceeds only as far as is necessary to identify the attended message
|
|
late selection model of attention
|
information is processed to the level of meaning before to be further processed is selected
|
|
processing capacity
|
the amount of information a person can handle and the ability to process incoming information
|
|
perceptual load
|
related to the difficulty of the task
(easy tasks have low loads)
|
|
low load task
|
use a small amount of a persons processing capacity
|
|
load theory of attention
|
person views colorful shapes and is asked to state the color (low load task & easy)
then person is asked to read a list of colors, however the font color is different than the written color (high load tast) yellow, written in blue
|
|
stroop effect
|
the name of the words causes a competing response and therefore slow response to the target-color of the ink
|
|
overt attention
|
shifting attention to one place to another by shifting the eye
|
|
fixation
|
briefly pausing on something
|
|
saccadic eye movement
|
the rapid jerky movement from one fixation to the next
|
|
stimulus salience
|
the physical properties of a stimulus such as color
|
|
saliency map
|
combination of different physical properties of multiple stimuli
|
|
covert attention
|
shifting our attention while keeping our eyes stationary
|
|
automatic processing
|
a type of processing that occurs without intention and a the cost of only some of that persons cognitive resources
|
|
inattentional blindness
|
subjects can be unaware of completely visible stimuli if they aren't directing their attention at them
|
|
binding
|
the process by which color form motion and location are combined to create our perception pf a coherent object
|
|
binding problem
|
how an objects individual features become bound together
|
|
feature integration theory
|
how we perceive individual features as part of the same process
|
|
preattentive stage
|
objects are analyzed into separate features
|
|
illusory conjunctions
|
the combination of features from different stimuli
|
|
focused attention stage
|
the observers attention plays an important role in combining the features to create the perception of whole objects
|
|
Balint Syndrome
|
caused by damage to the parietal lobe, creates an inability to focus attention on individual objects
|
|
visual search
|
looking for a specific object among a number of other objects
|
|
topographic map
|
a spatial map of visual stimuli on the visual cortex
|
|
brain size does not equal cognitive ability...
|
because humans have more neurons in the cerebral cortex and get more energy from eating smaller amounts of food because we can cook food yay
|
PSY 322: EXAM 1