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PSY 322: EXAM 1
The Mind |
creates and controls mental functions such as perception, thinking, deciding, emotions attention memory and reasoning |
cognition |
the mental processes such as perception attention and memory that make up what the mind doesQ |
Donders question |
how long does it take to make a decision |
reaction time |
how long it takes to respond to the presentation of a stimulus |
simple reaction time |
subjects were asked to push a button when they saw a light |
choice reaction time |
subjects were asked to push left button when left light flashed and right button when right light flashed |
donders concluded that the process took |
1/10 of a second |
Wundts main focus was |
structuralism |
structuralism is defined as |
our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations |
analytic introspection |
trained subjects were asked to describe their thought processes using elementary mental processes |
Ebbinghaus known for |
time course of forgetting |
savings |
(Original time to learn ) - (time to relearn) |
savings curve |
shows that memory drops rapidly after first two days of initial learning then levels off
|
william james knows for |
principles of psychology, reported on his own experience and observation |
Watson is knows for |
behavorism |
Behaviorism is |
observation and focuses on behavior rather than consciousness. Rejects introspection.
The little albert experiment is an example of behaviorism |
Classical Conditioning |
pairing one stimulus with another neutral stimulus to change the response of the neutral stimulus.
example little albert experiment:
Neutral stimulus (rat) is paired with an adverse stimulus (loud noise) to create a different response
|
Pavlovs dog |
classical experiment
neutral stimulus (bell) paired with food = dog salivating
eventually the sound of the bell makes the dog salivate |
Operant conditioning |
behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcements |
Skinners box |
an example of operant conditioning.
A rat is given food when it presses a lever.
Eventually the rat will continue to press the lever because it is being positively reinforced with food. |
Cognitive map |
illustrated by Tolman's 'rat in cage' experiment. There was a mental concept of the maze within the rats mind. Even without positive reinforcement the rat was learning. |
Information Processing Approach |
traces sequence of mental operations in cognition
influenced by flow diagrams for computers. |
Colin Cherry's attention experiment |
was influenced by flow diagrams of the mind. When people listened to an attending message they were still aware of the unattended message but were unaware of the content
|
Artificial intelligence |
question of weather a computer could process information like a human mind
|
logic theorist |
programs that used human like thinking to solve problems |
Structural models |
representations of physical structures to simplify and show location (ex-a plastic brain to show were the medulla is) |
process models |
represents the processes that are involved un cognitive mechanisms. (ex a flow chart or filter diagrams) |
level of analysis |
the same topic can be studied in a number of different ways and applied to different things |
neurons |
create and transmit informations
|
nerve net |
continuous and complex network for transmitting neurons and providing uninterrupted information |
neurone doctrine |
thought that individual cells transmit individual thoughts to the nervous system (untrue) |
cell body |
metabolic center of neuron |
dendrite |
finger like structures that branch out form cell body to RECEIVE SIGNALS from other neurons |
Axons |
(nerve fibers) TRANSMIT SIGNALS to other neurons |
Synapse |
small gap between axons and dendrites ~synaptic gap |
neural circuits |
interconnected nuerons |
receptors |
similar to neurons- that pick up information from the brain, receptors pick up information from the environment via the eyes and ear etc. |
resting potential |
the charge of a neuron at rest. (-70mV) |
action potential |
the volt that lasts 1/1000 of a second before returning to resting potential |
principle of neural representation |
everything a person experiences is based on representation on the nervous system- not on direct contact |
retina |
layer of neuron that line back of eye |
visual cortex |
area of brain that receives signals from eye |
feature detectors |
respond to specific stimuli such as orientation, movement and length |
hierarchical processing |
process from lower to higher levels of brain
|
sensory coding |
how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment |
Specificity coding |
thought that once specific neuron recognizes one specific object |
population coding |
a population of neurons recognize one object |
sparse coding |
different neurons react together to recognize different objects
|
localization of functions |
specific functions of the brain are served by specific areas of the brain |
cerebral cortex |
cognitive functions |
Brocas area |
located in left frontal lobe "Tan". language production is impaired- they may have an idea that they have a problem (can clearly count from 1-10)
|
Wernickes area |
located in temporal lobe, fluent speech but was incoherent. language comprehension is impaired they have no idea they have a problem. |
Occipital lobe |
sight |
temporal lobe |
hearing |
parietal lobe |
touch, pressure, pain |
frontal lobe |
coordination and higher cognitive functions |
Prosopagnosia |
the inability to recognize faces
|
Brain Imaging |
processes that make it possible to tell which areas of the brain are activated by different cognitions |
MRI |
detects tumors and brain abnormalities CANNOT DETECT NEURAL ACTIVITY
|
fMRI |
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
indicates how cognitive activity works
|
Parahippocampal place area (PPA) |
information about spatial layout |
Extrastiate Body Area (EBA) |
activated by different parts of the body but not the face |
Disributed representation |
specific cognitive functions activate many different areas of the brain (maybe relation to brain plasticity) |
Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
shows how water diffuses to show length of nerve fibers (idk what this is lol)
|
Perception |
experience resulting from stimulation of the senses |
inverse projection problem |
starts with retinal images and extending rays out from eye (brain to body) top down |
Bottom Up processing |
sequence of events from eye to brain. Usually used for more complex, slower ideas |
Top Down Processing |
Using contextual clues and schemas
starts in top of our brain
|
Speech segmentation |
the ability to tell when one word ends and another begins due to familiarity with that language |
Direct Pathway Model |
idea that pain occurs when receptors on the skin called nociceptos are stimulated and send their signals in a direct pathway to the brain GOOD EXAMPLE OF BOTTOM UP PROCESSING |
placebo effect |
use of placebo given to people in pain shows how pain is actually a top down process
|
Helmholtz's likelihood principle |
we perceive the object that is most likely to have causes the pattern
|
apparent movement |
movement is perceived when it is not actually there (example flashing lights )
|
Gestalt Psychology |
the whole is different from the sum of its parts
TOP DOWN!!! the only perception theory that utilizes top down processing |
Principles of perceptual organization |
the way we perceive things to be grouped together |
Principle of good continuation |
things that are of similar design are connected (coiled rope example)
|
Pragnanz (good figure/ principle of simplicity) |
we perceive things in the simplest way possible |
similarity principle |
we group similar things together |
semantic regularities |
our schemas for functions being carried out in specific settings (you cook and eat in a kitchen)
|
Bayesian effect |
our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by prior outcomes and the likelihood of that event |
Brain ablation |
removing parts of the brain (on a monkey to see how it effects cognition) |
attention |
the ability to focus on specific stimuli
|
selective attention |
attending to one thing while ignoring others |
distraction |
one stimulus interfering with the process of another |
divided attention |
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
|
attentional capture |
a rapid shift in attention usually caused by an unexpected stimulus
|
visual scanning |
literally looking at different shit |
cocktail party effect |
the ability to focus on one stimulus while there are many others around
|
bottleneck model |
another name for broadbents model because the filter restricts the flow much as the neck of a bottle would
|
attentuator |
analyzes the incoming messages by its physical characteristics and its language
|
attenuation model of attention |
analysis of the message proceeds only as far as is necessary to identify the attended message
|
late selection model of attention |
information is processed to the level of meaning before to be further processed is selected
|
processing capacity |
the amount of information a person can handle and the ability to process incoming information |
perceptual load |
related to the difficulty of the task
(easy tasks have low loads)
|
low load task |
use a small amount of a persons processing capacity |
load theory of attention |
person views colorful shapes and is asked to state the color (low load task & easy)
then person is asked to read a list of colors, however the font color is different than the written color (high load tast) yellow, written in blue |
stroop effect |
the name of the words causes a competing response and therefore slow response to the target-color of the ink |
overt attention |
shifting attention to one place to another by shifting the eye |
fixation |
briefly pausing on something |
saccadic eye movement |
the rapid jerky movement from one fixation to the next |
stimulus salience |
the physical properties of a stimulus such as color |
saliency map |
combination of different physical properties of multiple stimuli |
covert attention |
shifting our attention while keeping our eyes stationary
|
automatic processing |
a type of processing that occurs without intention and a the cost of only some of that persons cognitive resources
|
inattentional blindness |
subjects can be unaware of completely visible stimuli if they aren't directing their attention at them |
binding |
the process by which color form motion and location are combined to create our perception pf a coherent object |
binding problem |
how an objects individual features become bound together |
feature integration theory |
how we perceive individual features as part of the same process
|
preattentive stage |
objects are analyzed into separate features |
illusory conjunctions |
the combination of features from different stimuli |
focused attention stage |
the observers attention plays an important role in combining the features to create the perception of whole objects
|
Balint Syndrome |
caused by damage to the parietal lobe, creates an inability to focus attention on individual objects |
visual search |
looking for a specific object among a number of other objects
|
topographic map |
a spatial map of visual stimuli on the visual cortex |
brain size does not equal cognitive ability... |
because humans have more neurons in the cerebral cortex and get more energy from eating smaller amounts of food because we can cook food yay |