Psy B322 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter and Lecture Notes Chapter 1 What is Clinical Psychology In recent years there has been an attempt to offer quick definitions of clinical psychology but the Division of Clinical Psychology of the APA provides the most accurate comprehensive and contemporary definition The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science theory and practice to understand predict and alleviate maladjustment disability and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation adjustment and personal development Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual emotional biological psychological social and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span in varying cultures and at all socioeconomic levels APA 2012 Education and Training Aspiring Clinical Psychologists must earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology 2800 on average are awarded each year Most students entering the doctoral program have only earned a bachelor s degree When entering with a bachelor s degree Normally 4 years of intensive full time course work 1 year of full time pre doctoral internship Required coursework involves psychotherapy assessment statistics research design and methodology biological basis of behavior individual differences etc Master s thesis and doctoral dissertation possible requirement Practicum supervised experience doing clinical work Most common clinical specialty areas Clinical child clinical health forensic family and clinical neuropsychology Three Models of Training 1 The Scientist Practitioner Model Boulder Model Balancing practice and science 1949 2 The Practitioner Scholar Model Vail Model Leaning toward practice 1973 3 The Clinical Scientist Model Leaning toward Science 1991 Leaning toward Science The Clinical Scientist Model Arose due to arguments that science should be the bedrock of clinical psychology The model stresses the scientific side of clinical psychology more strongly than the Boulder model Unlike Vail model no suggestion that graduates of Clinical Scientist model should receive different degrees like the Boulder model this model awards the PhD PhDs in this model have a strong emphasis on the scientific method and evidence based clinical methods Defining Events o 1991 Richard McFall professor of psychology at IU published his Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology which called for the clinical scientist movement McFall argued that scientific clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology o Founding of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science founded at conference of prominent leaders of select clinical psychology graduate programs at IU who wanted to unite in an effort to promote clinical science Professional Activities and Employment Settings Clinical psychologists work in a wide variety of settings but the most common is PRIVATE PRACTICE 30 to 41 of clinical psychologists have been primarily employed at a private practice site since the 1980s After private practice the second highest has been a university psychology department but the percent has never exceeded 19 The highest ranked third highest place of employment has been other in 2003 15 of psychologists listed other Surveys have shown a wide range of employment settings for psychologists How are Clinical psychologists different from Clinical VS Counseling Clinical more seriously disturbed hospitals inpatient settings medical settings empirical behavioral and cognitive psychological evaluations Counseling Less disturbed counseling centers university settings humanistic client centered tx vocational assessment career assessment Clinical VS Psychiatrists Clinical Graduate school biological environmental bases for disorders emphasis on both nonpharmacological and pharmacological tx Psychiatrists Medical school biological bases for disorders emphasis primarily on pharmacological tx Clinical VS Social Workers Clinical focus on psychological biological social environmental factors for disorders patients come to them unless in the hospital assessment more research training similar counseling Social Work Tend to focus on social and environmental factors for disorders tend to be more in the trenches no psych testing less research training similar counseling Clinical VS School Clinical Varied settings psychological testing more severe disorders consult with necessary parties School School setting psychometric testing developmental programs consult with necessary parties school parents Clinical VS Professional Counselors Clinical Earn doctorate typically train for over 4 years much lower acceptance rates engaged in an enormous range of professional activities Professional Counselors earn masters complete training in 2 years attend graduate programs in counseling or professional counseling high acceptance rates work generally involves counseling little emphasis on psychological testing or conducting research focused on providing services to clients often specialize in areas such as career school addiction couple family or college counseling Chapter 2 History of Mental Illness In the beginning 1 Mystical views supernatural causes for abnormal behavior 2 Religion not different from magic thus no relevant healthcare for it 3 Reasonable tx considering beliefs of the time Trepanning Trephination Earliest known surgery hole bored into skull used to cast away spirits thought to be a remedy for epilepsy and headache Earliest identification of a societal priority of trying to treat mental illness found in Early Egypt when mental illness was thought to be caused by loss of money status or power TX included sleep inducing therapies opium Early Egypt Ancient Greece and Rome Period where the first time specific disorders were categorized Middle Ages Age of Faith demonic possession cause of mental illness treatment involved waterboarding and exorcism Interactionistic dualism popular philosophy at this time which had become a basic form of psychology body believed to be governed by the soul 15th and 16th centuries Witch hunts witches and women blamed for mental illness of others 17th century If mad people behaved like animals they should be treated like animals fewer treatments and fetters shackles and chains early Tx in Asylums Private Madhouses Treatment varied according to ability to pay Locking away family members who acted odd or exhibited mental illness was a way of coping with it Even those who couldn t lock away loved ones in asylums would