129 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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What is Stress?
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-any demand that is placed on an organism, requiring it to adapt
-in a sense it is a pressure
-fight or flight is designed to get us out of a jam
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Stress and Life changes:
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-positive and negative can cause stress
-death of spouse is most stressful
-marriage is about as stressful as major personal injury or illness
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Adjustment Disorders:
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-clinically mild disorders
-going through life stressor but experiencing more extreme responses then expected (intense or lasting longer)
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General Adaptation Syndrome:
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3 stages:
-alarm: sympathetic extremely activated (uses nutrients quickly)
-resistance: trying not to respond
-exhaustion: this happens during replenishment phase, when resistance fails
it is a biological process: requires replenishment at some point
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Stress Video and Stress (pathway)
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-switches on autonomic nervous system
-attempt to maintain homeostasis
-hypothalamus: stimulated by sympathetic nervous system=releases CRF
-CRF--> activates pituitary to release ACTH
-ACTH --> alerts adrenal gland
-adrenal cortex stimulated by ACTH to release cortisol
-neurons in h…
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Stress and the Immune System:
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-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis
-stress alters and utilizes endocrine system
-if the hormones (cortisol) are in blood stream too long = cell damage (destroy neurons)
-prolonged stress can affect immune system in bad way (stress hormones effect communication
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What is my body doing? Changes w/ alarm reaction: getting body ready to fight
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-cortisol released
-epinephrine and norepinephrine released
-heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure increase
-muscles tense
-blood shifts from internal organs to skeletal muscles
-digestion inhibited
-sugar released by liver
-blood-clotting ability increased
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What can help w/ stress?
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-coping strategies:
----solve source of stress
----less effective to focus on how we feel about the stressor
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Stress and Hardiness: idea of Resilience
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-mentally tough
-go throughout day and encounter stressors they determine if they are worth engaging in or not
-if have to engage they see challenge rather than crisis
-opposite of feeling overwhelmed
-people who just handle stress really well
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Stress and Optimism:
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-generally have better health
think positive outcomes so more likely to engage and try and solve problem
-Norman Cousins
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Stress and Pessimism:
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they see stress around every corner
-may lead people to unhealthy behaviors
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Stress and Social Support
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-positive coping strategy
-the act of giving social support is even more important and beneficial
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Stress and Ethnic Identity:
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-some evidence of systematic radicalness
-those effects add up to a lot of stress
-have strong sense of positive identity that mutes overall impact of encountering stressors
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Acculturative Stress:
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-given way of doing things in a culture
-issues for people coming not US had differences
-dominant society doesn't react well
-develop sense of positive ethnic identity to cope
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Avoidance coping:
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-bad for health
-denying you are ill, or facing other obvious stresses
-predicts chronic disease progression and/or mortality of people w/ cancer, HIV, congestive heart failure, and rheumatoid arthritis
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Gender Differences in Coping
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Women:
-tend to befriend
-join social groups rather than fighting or fleeing from it
-release of oxytocin: increased affiliative behavior
-more opportunity
Men:
-mush smaller network of people
-less likely than women to share personal issues and concerns
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Psychological Disorders and Physical Health:
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-w/ psychological disorder = more physical health problems
-may share common genetic cause
-medical disorder may create psychological disorder
-w/ psychological disorder = less likely to engage in positive health related behaviors
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Short Term Stress:
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-increase potency of immune response while chronic decreases immune functioning
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Two groups of Sleep disorders
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Dyssomnias: bad sleep:
--insomnia
--hypersomnolence
--narcolepsy
Parasomnias: things happening along side sleep
--nightmare disorders
--non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders
--sleepwalking
--sleep terrors
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Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder:
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dream state
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Breathing-related sleep disorders:
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sleep apnea
-stop breathing for a while b/c soft pallet closed off breathing
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circadian rhythm sled-wake disorders
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caused by things such as jet lag (body not used to it), shift work (creates sleep wake cycle disruption)
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Insomnia:
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-Dyssomnia
-1/10 adults experience it
-most common
-diffuculty initiating or maintaining sleep, or early awakening w/ inability to return to sleep
-almost every other night: at least 3 nights per week
-for at least 3 months
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Hypersomnolence:
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-Dyssomnia
-oppsite of insomnia
-despite at least 7 hours of sleep per night recurrent sleep during the day
-main, unrefreshing sleep of 9+ hours
-difficulty becoming fully awake
-for at least 3 months
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Narcolepsy:
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-dyssomnia
-rare
-get scared or excited tend to pass out
-sleeping states triggered by strong emotions
-can be by positive or negative emotions
-disruptive
-unpredictable sleep episodes
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Nightmare disorder:
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-Parasomnia
-recurrent awakenings due to frightening nightmares
-usually associated w/ traumatic experiences
-usually increase in frequencies when under a lot of stress
-normal rapid eye movement
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Non-rapid eye movement sleep and arousal disorders: Sleep terrors
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-parasomnia
-not nightmare
-more common w/ children
-child wakes w/ scream
-extreme physiological arousal
-more intense than regular nightmare
-occur earlier in night, and during deep non-REM sleep
--no awareness of whats going on
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Sleepwalking disorder:
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-most common in children
-10-30% sleepwalk @least once
-unknown prevalence in adults
--see it with traveling business people
--circadian rhythm problems likely to co-occur
-sexsomnia and the Law:
--all sorts of behaviors can happen during sleep walking
--controversial area
…
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Biological Treatments for Sleep disorder
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medication
focused on sleep
focused on anxiety
valium (highly addictive)
get them to sleep faster
sleep longer
wake up less often
can become problematic by messing w/ sleep cycle
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Psychological Treatments for Sleep disorder
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most focused on insomnia
sleep hygiene
train body to be prepared to sleep at certain times of day
reduce blue lighting
regular sleep-wake cycle
stimulus control
cognitive restructuring
idea that we cycle throug…
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allostasis:
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when the stressor is immediate, the response is activated and then subsides
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allostatic load:
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if can't fight or flee, then chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body
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PTSD: Largest amount of symptoms we will talk about
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-exposure to trauma
-intrusive symptoms: reminders intrude everyday life
-avoidance symptoms
-alterations to cognition and mood: depressed hard time concentrating
-arousal and reactivity symptoms
-lasts more than one month
----less than one month= acute stress disorder
-notable…
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PTSD: prevalence and rates
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-~8% of people in US
-men and women equal rate
-men more likely to experience trauma and traumatic events
-women more likely to experience events leading to PTSD
-largest # are those who were in car crash
-most involve a person hurting another person
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PTSD: Factors predictive of PTSD in trauma survivors:
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event itself:
- degree of exposure
-severity of trauma
-exposure to violence
person or social environment:
-history of childhood sexual abuse
-lack of social support
-lack of coping responses
-feeling shame
-detachment following trauma
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Traumatic Stress and the Brain:
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PTSD: visibly all in the head
-differences occur in areas that regulate emotion, fight-or-flight response, memory: amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
-amygdala more active to emotional stimuli in those w/ PTSD
medial prefrontal cortex: less active
Cortisol accumulates and dete…
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Treating PTSD:
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3 goals:
-exposing what they fear in order to extinguish that fear
-challenging distorted cognitions
-helping clients reduce stress in their lives
Prolonged exposure therapy:
-be exposed to very thing triggering the anxiety and fear
CBT:
-much same as exposure
-uses explanatio…
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Panic Disorder Prevalence:
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-lifetime 5%
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Social Anxiety disorder: Prevalence
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-lifetime prevalence 10-13%
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OCD: Prevalence:
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lifetime prevalence 2-3%
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panic attack
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abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak w/in minutes and four or more symptoms occur
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Symptoms of Panic Disorder:
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palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate
sweating
trembling or shaking
sensations of shortness of breathing or smothering
feelings of choking
chest pain or discomfort
nausea or abdominal distress
feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed …
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Panic Disorder: month following attack
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-worry about more attacks
-changes in behavior to try to reduce attack
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The Panic cycle:
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-trigger stimulus
-perceived threat
-leads to worry apprehension
-trigger stress response --> leading to body sensations
-interpretation of sensations as catastrophic
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Brain structures involved in Panic Disorder and PTSD:
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-Amygdala: process strong emotions
-Hippocampus: know gets damaged by stress or trauma:
----encoding and retrieving memories
-Hypothalamus: ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
----involved in triggering physiological part of panic attacks
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Treatments for Panic Disorder:
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Biological:
-medication affecting serotonin and norepinephrine systems
-benzodiazepines:
---influence functioning of GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems
CBT:
-confront situations
-multiple components:
taught relaxation and breathing
guided in i…
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder: general Info
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-general feelings of dread
-more cognitive experience
-not triggered by a particular thing
-more prevalent in women than men
-begins in childhood or adolescent
-5% lifetime prevalence
-3% in a year
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GAD: learning
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-if one bad thing happens then this other bad thing can happen
-increasingly worrying about more and more things
-secondary control: worrying is a reassuring event
-----makes them feel that they are doing something but they really aren't
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GAD: cognitive : beliefs
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-generally believe that bad things happen all the time
-not completely wrong but still irrational
-no real advantage to worrying making world scarier than it is
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Theories of GAD (neuroimaging studies,physiologically, & biological factors)
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neuroimaging studies:
-heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli in the amygdala, an area processing emotion
physiologically:
-chronically elevated activity of sympathetic nervous systems and hyper-reactivity to threatening stimuli
Biological Factors:
-GABA abnormalities= excess…
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GAD Treatment: CBT, Drugs, Biological
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CBT: MOST EFFECTIVE
-learning melds w/ cognitive approach
-cognitive restructuring
-exposure therapy
-relaxation
-adaptive thinking
Drugs: anxiolytic:
-benzodiazepine family= target amygdala
----makes it more difficult for panicky worry some thoughts to go through the brain
B…
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Social Anxiety Disorder: General Info
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very specific situation
-fear about when in social situations when scrutiny is key
-sense that someone will disprove of you
-display disorder in terms of test anxiety
-lifetime prevelance: 12%
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List symptoms for social anxiety disorder.
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Fear or anxiety about social situations and meet possible scrutiny
anxiety or fears will be negatively evaluated
social interactions almost always provoke fear or anxiety
avoidance,
out of proportion
6 months or more, distress and impairment
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Social Anxiety Disorder: Impairments
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-handicapped by anxiety in job performance
-~80% avoid social functions
-~60% avoid events all together
-~50% use self medication to reduce anxiety
------coping tool that doesn't solve problem but may create new problem
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Social Anxiety Disorder: Treatments
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CBT:
-behavioral component: exposing clients to social situations that make them anxious, starting w/ least and working to most anxiety-producing situations
-group or individual
-effective in preventing relapse
Mindfulness-based Interventions:
-teach individuals to be less judgment…
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Childhood Anxiety Disorders:
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-general same disorders as adults
-express it differently
-separation Anxiety:
----primary dynamic
----get agitated when physically separated and when they anticipate being separated
-symptoms as early as first year of life
-----become less and less as the child ages
-make worse if…
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Phobia: General
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-one trigger for each phobia
-tendency to create phobias is natural
-prevalence:
---75% more than 1
---50% more than 2
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Phobia Symptoms
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fear or anxiety about a specific object
phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety
phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured w/ intense fear or anxiety
fear or anxiety is out of proportion to actual danger posed by th…
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Phobias: Pre-conditioned?
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-maybe reason people have phobias they fear was over learned
-certain objects we are primed to be scared of and don't need much conditioning
-animal: 7 years
-hypothesis: ancestors made sense to be cautious around certain things
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Theories of Phobias: (Freud, Behavioral, Biological)
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Freud:
-result of unconscious anxiety displaced onto neutral or symbolic object
Behavioral:
-Mowrer's two factor theory:
---classical conditioning leads to fear of phobic object and operant conditioning helps maintain it
-negative reinforcement
Biological:
-genetics involved
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3 main ways Agoraphobia develops:
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seizure disorders: or medical conditions onset suddenly
panic disorder
most common: elderly's spouse has died
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What is agoraphobia?
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generalized fear of situations in which the person might not be able to escape or get help if needed
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Agoraphobia: symptoms
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A: marked fear or anxiety about 2 or more of the following situations:
using public transportation
being in open spaces
being in closed spaces
standing in line or being in a crowd
being outside of home alone
B: individual fears or avoids these situations b/c…
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Treating Anxiety Disorders: Biological Perspective
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-most medication for anxiety disorders has emphasis on GABA
-dysregulation of norepinephrine in panic disorder
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Treating Anxiety Disorders: Behavioral Perspective
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-a lot of anxiety responses conditioned through negative reinforcement
---avoid things = makes them feel better
-systemic desensitization & gradual exposure:
---fear-stimulus hierarchy
-virtual reality therapy
-flooding
---not particularly effected
---can be damaging to people w/ p…
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Treating Anxiety Disorder: Cognitive Perspective
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-oversensitivity to threatening cues
-overproduction of danger
-self-defeating thoughts and irrational beliefs
-solution:
---recognize, refute, restructure
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Obsession:
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unwanted/intrusive thought we can't get rid of
-all about worries
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compulsion
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hard to resist doing these behaviors
-strictly about behaviors
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: definition
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combination of both or either obsessions or compulsions alone
-obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment
-1-3% of people in lifetime
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OCD: Theoretical Perspectives
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Psychodynamic:
complex and bad childhood events
come up from darker parts of unconscious
when they appear they are much more distressing
might not be able to differentiate thinking of act from characteristics of actually committing
Behavioral:
learn t…
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OCD: Structure and Functions in the Brain
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Orbital frontal cortex:
decision making, visual stimuli, predict reward and punishment
if affected in OCD: emotional states changed: predict reward and punishment
Cingulate Gyrus/Cortex:
linking emotions & sensory input, balancing competing impulses
Thalamus:
…
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Treatment: OCD, Compulsive Hoarding, Trichotillomania & Excoriation Disorders
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exposure + response prevention = exposure and response prevention
Example:
-every time they are exposed to germs they fell they need to wash hands
-makes them want to wish hands but work w/ them to keep them from going and washing hands
-don't have to follow up w/ specific behavior
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Compulsive Hoarding:
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accumulate things but that isn't hoarding part
almost everything they have is difficult to give up
can't bear to separate themselves from things
hard to shake fear that they will need it in the future if they get rid of it
common to see loss in their past
…
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Trichotillomania:
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deep sense of shame and they try to hide it
hair pulling/picking: hair loss
unsuccessful efforts to stop pulling
more prevalent in women 10:1
1-2% lifetime prevalence
some hide evidence by eating hair
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Excoriation Disorder:
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deep sense of shame and try to hide it
skin picking resulting in lesions or wounds
unsuccessful efforts to stop picking
more prevalent in women 3:1
1% lifetime prevelance
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Adjustment Disorder:
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emotional and behavioral symptoms
3 months of the experience w/ stressor
can be of any severity, while ones leading to PTSD are extreme
result from a stressor that doesn't meet criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD, acute stress disorder or an anxiety or odd disorder resulti…
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Dissociative Amnesia: Jessica Blackham story
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left 4 year old daughter at home
bleeding so went to doctor
found newborn placenta in bathroom
claimed to not know she was pregnant
claims no memories of going to bathroom or leaving her infant in bathroom
what if its true that she had no memory
can w…
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Dissociative Amnesia: What is it
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memories are gone b/c of purely psychological causes
inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent w/ ordinary forgetting
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Dissociative Amnesia: Two main forms
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localized or selective amnesia for specific event or events
localized:
everything about an event
2nd smallest circle
selective amnesia:
smallest circle
some-but not all- of an…
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Somatoform Disorders:
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group of disorders where body and mind experiences are becoming disconnected or intertwined from each other
see obsessive expression of bodily concern
body dysmorphic disorder:
obsessed and think they are abnormally deformed
can lead to sever se…
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Memories:
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we don't record everything
most part our memory is formed through recreating events and bringing together things from different parts of the brain
Elizabeth Loctus:
into some of the diaries of persons life
she put in stories of them being lost in the mall
…
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Depersonalization Disorder
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Symptoms:
A: persistent or recurrent depersonalizations, derealization, or both, as defined below:
depersonalization: experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer w/ respect to one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, body or action…
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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whole other person living in our heads
used to call it personality disorder
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) symptoms
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A: two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession
B: recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events that are inconsistent w/ ordinary forgetting: confusion/disorientation
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Diathesis-Stress Model of DID
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Diathesis: predisposing factors:
proneness to fantasy
hypnotizability is easy
openness to altered states of consciousness
+Stress: exposure to severe recurrent trauma
--> psychological escape: escaping into alter personalities may be th…
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DID Controversies:
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very rare: hard to do good research on disorder that is hardly ever encountered
many still doubtful
cases skyrocketed w/ movies:
three faces of eve
sybil
US of Tara
start w/ one personality then gain another b/c of trauma
responsivene…
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Dissociative Disorders psychodynamic perspective
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repression: certain things can't be tolerated so used far from consciousness
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Dissociative Disorders Social Cognitive Perspective
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-learned response to buffer nasty memories
-(forgetting, pushing it on another personality ect.)
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Dissociative Disorders Biological Perspective:
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structural differences in memory and emotion areas?
Dissociative amnesia:
frontal lobes are less active than expected (man who forgot his identity and also his native tongue
Depersonalization Disorder:
limbic system and HPA axis less active than expecte…
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Dissociative Disorder Treatment
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amnesias and Fugues usually spontaneous recovery
psychodynamic
integrate early memories
put all personalities altogether
not really a specific treatment yet
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Really part of OCD
intense worries and anxiety about perceive bodily deformities
anxieties not assuaged by reassurance from others
compulsive checking in mirrors and photos
often seek corrective or plastic surgery, which rarely diminishes the anxiety
feel …
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Conversion Disorder Criteria
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A: one or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function
stress being converted to physiological outcomes
go blind, paralysis or numbness or seizers (could be fake in a sense)
w/ this disorder they are not intentionally faking
B: clinical findings pro…
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Illness Anxiety Disorder (hypochondriasis) :
General:
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flip side of conversion disorder: mental distress over non existent symptoms
innocuous physical symptoms produce intense fear that one has a life threatening illness
difficult to assuage fears
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Illness Anxiety Disorder: Criteria
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A: preoccupation w/ having or acquiring a serious illness
B: somatic symptoms are not present or, if present, are only mild in intensity. if another medical condition is present or there is a high risk for developing a medical condition the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disprop…
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Somatic Symptom Disorder: General
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-catch attention of medical professionals: huge $ investment
-higher degree of bankruptcy of people w/ this disease
-really are trying to figure out what is wrong but no identifiable physical cause
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Somatic Symptom Disorder: Criteria
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A: one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing result in significant disruption of daily life
B: excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following:
disproportionate and per…
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Differentiating Somatoform Disorders: Conversion Disorder
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1 symptom of deficit
affecting voluntary motor or sensory functioning resulting in a symptom or deficit
no known medical explanation
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Differentiating Somatoform Disorders: Illness anxiety disorder
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no real symptoms
misinterpreting sensations leading to intense worrying about a dangerous disease
excessive checking
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Differentiating Somatoform Disorders: Somatic symptom disorder
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put it all together
painful or disruptive symptoms + intense worry about having dangerous disease + lots of time and energy spent
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Factitious Disorder- Imposed on Self (Munchausen)
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people are directly causing symptoms for psychological reasons
eye: pinkeye moving from one eye to other:
she was putting infected paper in her eye
why: driven by need to receive attention: so they manufacture symptoms
sacrifice physical bodies to s…
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Factitious Disorder: Imposed on other (Munchausen by proxy):
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parents inject or feed child toxin to create medical symptoms
often household cleaners
child gets better when removed from home
more likely by mothers than fathers
not urge to hurt child running the show
knowledge that we tend to feel strongly that chi…
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Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Obesity and Diagnosed Diabetes Among US Adults age 18 and older
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increasing # of adults and children who are obese
1994-2010 huge increase in obesity almost all states have 20%
linked to most of leading causes of death, heart disease, cancer, diabetes
diabetes is increasing same trend just few years behind obesity
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Obesity:
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ethnic and gender might be component
obesity is BMI of 30 or more
underweight 18 1/2 or lower
normal: 18 1/2 - 24.9
main reason obesity is increasing is activity is decreasing
other factors:
consumer price index increasing
sugar and sweets an…
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Indirect Pathway to Obesity:
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both social and psychological influences
social pressures to be thin
leads to body dissatisfaction
leads to dieting
diet failure
leads to us blaming our self and engage in binge eating
puts us in weight gain lea…
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Thinner And Thinner
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idea of what thinness is is changing over time
winners of miss America shows trend of decreasing BMI
idea of what thin is keeps getting thinner and thinner
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What causes eating disorders:
|
Social Factors:
you are how you look
and its worth the pain'
pressures are commonly on women and what they wear
further feeds into indirect pathways as seen in obesity
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Eating Disorder: Definition
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psychological disorder characterized by disturbed patterns of eating and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight
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Anorexia Nervosa: Definition
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eating disorder characterized by maintenance of abnormally low body weight, a distorted body image, intense fears of gaining weight, and in females, amenorrhea
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Bulimia Nervosa: Definition
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eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by self-induced purging, accompanied by over concern w/ body weight and shape
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Prevalence for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa:
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3 to 1 for female
binge eating is even closer prevalence
|
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DSM-5 Criteria for Anorexia:
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A: restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, and developmental trajectory and physical health
B: intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes w/ weight gain, e…
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Two Types of Anorexia: Specifiers
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both during last 3 months:
restriction type: not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior. this subtype describes presentations in which weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise
Binge-eating/ purging typ…
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Anorexia: Medical Complications:
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confusion, poor electrolyte, poor nutritional content in blood leading to other complications
affects are all over the body
skin gets yellowish hue, dry
brittle hair
low blood pressure, slow heart rate, heart failure
weak muscles, swollen joints, bone loss, fr…
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DSM-5 Criteria for Bulimia:
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A: recurrent episodes of binge eating. Episode is characterized by both of the following:
eating in a discrete period of time an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances (physical
a se…
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Bulimia: medical Complications:
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one from malnourishment: similar to ones w/ anorexia:
confusion, dizziness, blood pressure
effects specific to type of purging:
cheeks, mouth, throat and esophagus
stomach acid
intestines and stomach
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Binge-Eating Disorder: General facts
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disorder characterized by recurrent eating binges w/out purging
classified as a potential disorder requiring further study
more common than either anorexia or bulimia
described as compulsive overeaters
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DSM-5 Binge Eating Criteria
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A: recurrent episodes of binge eating. and episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following:
eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of foo that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time
sense of lack of cont…
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What Causes Eating Disorders?
Contributing factors
|
more likely sociocultural factors are being delivered in other facets
vulnerable personality
genetics is only small part
need social or cultural triggers
family dynamics, vulnerable personality, life changes play big roles
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What Causes Eating Disorders?
-Social Factors
|
pressure to be thin is beautiful
eating is morally wrong
large amounts of food have mixed messages
Beauty Myth:
people compare themselves to completely manufactured images
Who would support this?
blogs for people w/ eating disorder…
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What Causes Eating Disorders?
-Family Factors:
|
history of problems and conflicts
punish parents?
fail to promote independence
conflicts over autonomy
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What Causes Eating Disorders?
-Trauma:
|
sexual assault/ abuse
can add to complexity of struggle
Eating Disorder can be protective/ adaptive development
way to take back part of their lives
|
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What Causes Eating Disorders?
-Major life changes and relationships
|
struggles w/ developmental demands
puberty and physical maturation
toxic social factors in middle and high school
new environments in college
changes to body during pregnancy and childbirth
can intensify doubt and worthlessness if not manag…
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What Causes Eating Disorders?
-Genetics/ Biological Factors
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Biological factors: none are strongly specific to eating disorders
low serotonin levels
low dopamine
many w/ eating disorders have been depressed
reducing intake can yield a calming effect or sense of control: not always the case…
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Personality and Eating Disorders:
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Common Personality Factors:
Harm Avoidant:
dislike feelings of psychological distress
tend to get involved w/ drugs or alcohol
seen in most eating disorders
low self-esteem
seen in most eating disorders
perfectionistic
anorexia…
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Mortality:
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die quite a bit before life expectancy
mortality rates:
5-10% w/ sever chronic w/ in 10 years
18-20% w/ severe chronic w/in 20 years
30-40% fully recover
mortality rate 12X higher than all other causes of death for 15-24 year old females
…
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Treating Eating Disorders:
Behavioral
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reinforce people and teach healthy eating habits
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Treating Eating Disorders:
CBT:
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add in looking at messages people tell themselves
teach healthy eating habits
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Treating Eating Disorders:
Interpersonal
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examination of relationships in lives
how affected they are by conflict
look at whether or not they are internalizing negative things people say
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Treating Eating Disorders:
Medical Costs Etc.
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lasts 3-6 months
$30,000
not covered by insurance
80% discharged before treatment done b/c they can't afford
only 10% get treatment they need
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PSY 320: EXAM 3