64 Cards in this Set
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what is abnormal psych?
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the study of psychological disorders and abnormal behavior patterns
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how rare are psych disorders?
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1/4 will experience in past year
1/2 will experience in a lifetime
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what is abnormal?
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unusual, unbearable, unsuccessful, unsociable, unreal, unhealthy
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History
Trepanation
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demons trapped in brain, drilling hole into skull in order to release demons
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early biological models
-Humors
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Hippocrates:
black bile, blood, phlegm, yellow bile, melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric
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early biological models
-Hysteria
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Galen, Freud:
-women fainting, going blind
-Hysteria
-Galen= anatomist, dissect humans
-Freud= first psych theory, 20 yrs to change idea of hysteria
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Devil and witches
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the Dousing test
drown= good
float= evil
mental illness used for political gain
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Asylums
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"Bedlam"
people w lepracy sent to leprasylums
you could pay to see people at Bedlam for entertainment
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the Reform Movement and Moral therapy
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-Phillipe Pinel, Benjamin Rush, Dorthea Dix
modern mental hospitals
community mental health movement and psychotropic medication (Thorazine)
(insulin shock, cold wraps, hot boxes)
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contemporary perspectives
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-the biological perspective
-the psychological perspective
-the sociocultural perspective
-the biopsychosocial
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ultimately, our understanding of abnormal psych is derived from:
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the scientific method!
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the scientific method
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-formulating a research question
-framing the research question in form of hypothesis
-test hypothesis
-draw conclusions about hypothesis
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ethics in research
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-institutional review boards (IRBs)
-informed consent
-confidentiality
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research methods
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-experimental
-case studies
-single participant experiments
-kinship studies (everything genetic, twins raised together vs seprately)
-naturalistic observation
-correlational method
-epidemiological methods
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DSM 5 Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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applies to many average people or at least many of the college students in my class
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its not us vs them, How we Classify Disorders
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-DSM
-DSM IV-TR
-ICD
-ICD-10
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features of the DSM
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-descriptive, not explanatory
-multidimensional
(clinical disorders, awareness of general medical conditions that may influence psychological behavior, psychosocial and environmental problems, global assessment of functioning)
-cultural syndromes
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cultural syndromes
Amok
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brooding, followed by violent outburst (malaysia)
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cultural syndromes
ataque de nervios
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stress causes fits, agression, disasotiative experiences (S. America)
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cultural syndromes
Dhat
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concerns of discharge of semen, fatigue (India)
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cultural syndromes
Koro
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anxiety that sex organs will retract back into body (E Asia)
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cultural syndromes
Dibloktoq
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withdrawal followed by violent attack (Inuit)
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cultiral syndromes
Taijin Kyofusho
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worries that ones body offends or embarrass others
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evaluating the DSM
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-accelerated and advanced research and treatment
-a cultural document
-specifying diagnostic criteria (reliability, validity?)
-weakness vs strength
-how many disorders? (disorders keep going up over yrs and new DSMs)
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the DSMs category scheme
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-category or spectrum
-stigma (brown vs blue eyes study, easy to create stigma us vs them)
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psychological disorders on continuum
-whats the most common disorder
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depression most common
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what is a psychological assessment?
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-collecting relevant info to reach a conclusion
-clinical assessment
-its purpose
-like a funnel
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standards of assessment:
Reliability
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-internal consistency
-test-retest reliability
-inter-rater reliability
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standards of assessment
Validity
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-content validity (do the items on the test cover the material?)
-criterion validity (do test scores predict what they're supposed to?)
-construct validity (does the overall patterns of test scores and other data fit theory?)
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reliability and validity ...
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work together
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sensitivity and specificity
-Sensitivity
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-correctly identifying ppl (test accurately diagnoses)
-true positive!
-failure f sensitivity is
-misdiagnosing ppl who do not have a disorder
-false positive
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specificity
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-avoids mis identifying ppl (test accurately rules out diagnoses)
-True negative
-failure of specificity
-missing ppl who should have diagnoses
-false negative
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methods of assessment
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-clinical interview
-computerized interview
-psychological tests
-intelligence testing
-objective testing
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clinical interview
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-unstructured
-semistructured
-structured
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psychological tests
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-structured
-stadardized
-norms
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intelligence testing
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-defining intelligence
-IQ
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objective testing
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-objective
-minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)
-the million clinical multi axial inventory (MCMI-III)
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thought identification
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-computer guessed 10/10 was 100% correct
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in assessing ppl, you can ask...
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but you can't always predict what ppl will say r whether they will tell you at all
-can you see whats going on in someones mind without asking?
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physiological measurement
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-structural imaging
-functional imaging
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structural imaging
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-CT uses x rays
-MRI spins waer molecules in magnetic field
-want to know what brain looks like
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functional imaging
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EEG and BEAN brain electrical activity mapping, PET scans use radioactive isotopes MRI FMRI
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neuropsychological assessment
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-the bender visual motor gestalt test
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other assessment approaches
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-self monitoring
-analogue measures
-behavior checklists/ rating scales
-projective testing
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projective testing
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clinical interview
-projectives all around us?
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Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT)
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An examiner shows a series of ambiguous pictures, and the participant writes a story that describes what is happening
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where do disorders come from?
perspectives:
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-psychodynamic
-humanistic/ existential
-cognitive
-behavioral
-biological
-sociocultural
-biopsychosocial
-other perspectives
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psychoanalytic theory
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-the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
-id, ego, superego (parts of the mind according to freud)
-defense mechanisms
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defense mechanisms
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-repression
-regression
-displacement
-denial
-reaction formation
-rationalization
-projection
-sublimation
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repression
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expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas
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regression
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acting like a baby
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displacement
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taking anger out on others less threatening
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denial
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refusal to recognize desire thats threatening
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reaction formation
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behaving in a way that is the opposite of ones true wishes
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rationalization
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self justifying
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projection
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imposing ones own impulses on another
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sublimation
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channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits
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psychoanalytic theory
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-psychosexual development
-oral (0-1)
-anal (1-2)
-phallic (3-6)
-latency (6-12)
-genital (puberty)
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other psychodynamic theorists
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-karen horney
-erik erikson
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psychodynamic treatment
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-psychoanalysis
-dream analysis
-(counter-) transference
-modern approaches = brief psychodynamic therapy
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
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humanistic perspective
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-self actualization
-positive regard
-common factors
-empathy, genuineness, careful listening
-carl rogers
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carl rogers
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-can i be real in the relationship? (genuine)
-wants to be transparent
-will i fid myself caring for this person?
-expresses if he doesn't like the client
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existential perspective
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-the questions of existence
-no single meaning
-we are alone
-Friedrich Nietzsche (what doesn't kill you makes you stronger)
-Jean Paul Sartre
-Viktor Frankl (purpose in life, search for meaning)
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cognitive perspective
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-interpretations
-information processing
-rational emotive behavioral therapy
-CT and CBT
-Albert Ellis
-lots of writing and training
-therapist is like coach or trainer
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PSY 320: EXAM 3