PSYC 3241: Test 2
40 Cards in this Set
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During the Progressive Era, the term scientific management included:
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-de-skilling: breaking down each complex, skilled task into its component parts.
-increased worker production and worker dissatisfaction at the same time.
-a 60 percent increase in wages and a 400 percent increase in production.
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Frederick Taylor
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was an American mechanical engineerwho sought to improve industrial efficiency.[1] He is regarded as the father of scientific management and was one of the first management consultants.[2]Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceive…
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Hawthorn Studies
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worker behavior and sentiments were closely related
Group influences were significant in affecting individual ehavior
Group standards were highly effective in establishing individual worker output
Money was less a factor in determining worker output than were group standards, sentiment…
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Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
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Must take care of basic needs before satisfying higher levels of needs
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Total Quality Management (TQM)
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a philosophy that uniform commitment to quality in all areas of an organization will promote a culture that meets customers' perceptions of quality
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W. Edwards Demming
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14 Principles of quality; zero defects
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Bill Ouchi
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Worked with international management strategies in Japan
X and Y theory
Theory Z
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Douglas McGregor
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Theory X (employees dislike work, are lazy, seek to avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform) and Y (employees are creative, seek responsibility and can exercise self-direction)
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16 PF test
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test to measure where a person falls along the basic 16 personality dimensions.
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the "big 5", 5 factor model
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-5 basic personality traits
1. openness to new experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)
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A personality instrument for measuring a person's preferences, using 4 opposing-pole dimensions:
Extraversion/Introversion
Sensate/Intuitive
Thinking/Feeling
Judging/Perceiving
Each personality type is suited for specific occupations.
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Pavlov
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"Classical Conditioning"
Dog Research.
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Watson
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implicit behavior or covert behavior—said to be a reduced, inner version of the normally observable behavior that psychology investigated
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Law of Effect: Thorndike
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the chance that a given behavior will be repeated depends on the outcome
1) Positive: increases likelihood of behavior
2) Aversive: decrease the behavior
ex) Cats and puzzle box
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Stimulus generalisation
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the automatic extension of conditioned responding to a similar stimuli that have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response (CR)
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.
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B.F. Skinner:
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all behavior is explained by looking outside the individual. People (and animals) tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences l decrease behaviors which have negative consequences.
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Negative Reinforcement
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The increase in probability of a behavior's being repeated following the removal of a stimulus.
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distinction
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difference between what has been learned and what is expressed in overt behavior
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Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement
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Continuous: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. Extinction occurs more rapidly
Partial: (intermittent) reinforced only part of the time. Slow to learn but there's greater resistance to extinction
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Successive approximation
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A series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response.
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ERG Theory: by Clayton Alderfer
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Existence Needs: desires for physiological and material well being
Relatedness Needs: desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships
Growth Needs: desire for physiological growth
Frustration-regression Principle: states that a satisfied need can be reactivated
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Vroom
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Expectancy model: the theory that people act in a certain way because they anticipate that the behavior will achieve the outcome or goal desired
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Locke and Latham (1990)
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reviewed over 300 studies to find goals work best when:
goals are difficult and specific
person is committed to pursuit
person has confidence in attainment
feedback is provided
task is fairly well learned
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Trait Theorist
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a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality
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Behavior theory
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View that all human behavior is learned through a process of social reinforcement (rewards and punishments)
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Contingency Theory of Leadership
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The idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group
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Least-Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire
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An instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.
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3 P's of business leadership
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Passion
Performance
Principle
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Life Cycle Theory of Leadership
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Optimal combination of initiating structure and consideration depends on the READINESS of the employees in the work unit
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Hersey and Blanchard Model
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Assumptions:
-Leaders can change styles
- style must fit situation
Goal: Train leaders to fit style to situation
Situational Factor: Maturity of Followers
- Task Maturity (ability/experience)
- Psychological maturity (how willing to take responsibility)
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What type of leadership style is used in each of the following: Telling, Selling, Participating, Delegating? (Situational Leadership)
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1. Telling: High task, low relationship
2. Selling: High task, high relationship
3. Participating: Low task, high relationship
4. Delegating: Low task, low relationship
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Wolfgang Kohler
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insight learning- sudden, delayed realization of how to solve a problem
experiment with chimpanzees trying to get banana hanging from ceiling
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Modeling Behavior
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"bobo doll" study. see someone doing something and you want to try it as well, kids mirror what adults they know and respect do. (imitation)
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Motivation (cognitive)
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Choice that leads to an outcome
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MF=ExV
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Motivational force is expectancy times valence
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Locke & Latham's goal setting theory
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- Arose during 60s with a lot of motivational theories; only one to survive
- Argues that specific, difficult but attainable goals improve performance
- External = goal acceptance; Internal = goal commitment
- 2 Main attributes of goals: intensity and content
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Job Enlargement
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A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment.
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Transformational Leadership
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Leadership that makes subordinates aware of the importance of their jobs and performance to the organization and aware of their own needs for personal growth and that motivates subordinates to work for the good of the organization.
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PSYC 3241: Test 2