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ECU PSYC 3241 - Final Exam Study Guide

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Psych 3241 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 16Lecture 17 (march 26)PowerPower: The potential to successfully influence another; the capacity to have a desired effect on others. Power just notes capacity.Influence: Actually changing others behavior. When you actually use power.Organizational Politics: Actions by individuals that are directed toward the goal of furthering their own self-interest without regard for the well-being of others or their organization.Authority: Actually having the right to compel behavior.Individual powerPosition Power-Power based on one’s formal position in an organization.- Legitimate Power: The individual power base derived from one’s position in an organizational hierarchy; the accepted authority of one’s position.- Reward Power: The individual power base derived from an individual’s capacity to administer valued rewards to others.- Coercive Power: The individual power base derived from the capacity to administer punishment to others.- Information Power: The extent to which a supervisor provides a subordinate with the information need to do the job.Personal Power-The power that one derives because of his or her individual qualities or characteristics.- Rational Persuasion: Using logical arguments and factual evidence to convince others that an idea is acceptable.- Expert Power: The individual power base derived from an individual’s recognized superior skills and abilities in certain areas.- Referent Power: The individual power base derived from the degree to which one is liked and admired by others.- Charisma: An attitude of enthusiasm and optimism that is contagious; an aura of leadershipMINTZBERG- modernized the work of French and Raven (1958)- ideas overlap closely the five sources of power mentioned in French and Raven’s classic article- consolidating Resources (Reward Power and Coercive Power; F/R, 58) and renamingsome of the others he added Access to Others.o person has no real power but controls access to someone else who does. Resource-Dependency Model: The view that power resides within subunits that are able to control the greatest share of valued organizational resources.Strategic Contingencies Model: A view explaining power in terms of a subunit’s capacity to control the activities of other subunitsPolitical Tactics  Gaining control over and selective use of information. Cultivating a favorable impression. Building powerful coalitions. Blaming and attacking others. Associating with powerful others. Creating obligations and using reciprocity.Lecture 18 (March 31)CommunicationCommunication: The process by which a person, group, or organization (the sender) transmitssome type of information (the message) to another person, group, or organization (the receiver)Encoding: The process by which an idea is transformed so that it can be transmitted to, and recognized by, a receiver (e.g., a written or spoken message).Channels of Transmission: The pathways over which messages are transmitted (e.g., telephone lines, mail).Decoding: The process by which a receiver of messages transforms them back into the sender’s ideas.Feedback: Knowledge about the impact of messages on receivers.Noise: Factors capable of distorting the clarity of messages at any point during the communication process.Lecture 19 ( April 2)Purpose! To direct action To achieve coordinated action To share information To develop friendships To build trust and acceptanceVerbal- The transmission of messages using words, either written or spoken.- Traditional Verbal Media: Forms of communication that do not depend on the use of computers.- Computer-Mediated Communication: Forms of communication that depend on the use of computers.Traditional verbalForms of communication that do not depend on the use of computers.– Face-to-face discussion– Telephone– Memos and letters– Newsletters– Employee handbook– Flyers and bulletinsComputer communication Synchronous• Videoconferences or Web casts• Cyber meetings Asynchronous• E-mail• Information overload• Flaming• Emoticons• Instant messaging Communication is most effective when it uses multiple channels, such as using both oral and written messages.– Oral messages are useful in getting people’s attention and allow for immediate two-way communication.– Following up in writing makes the message more permanent. A medium’s effectiveness depends on how appropriate it is for the kind of message being sent.– Oral media are more effective when messages are ambiguous.– Written media are more effective when messages are clear.Personal Communication Style : The consistent ways people go about communicating with others.Gender Differences : Men tend to reinforce their status when they talk, whereas women tend to downplay it.Cross-Cultural Differences : Cultures vary in terms of the vocabularies they use, the meaning of similar terms, and the norms for using certain words.Formal communication Organizational Structure: The formally prescribed pattern of interrelationships existing between the various units of an organization. Organizational Chart: A diagram showing the formal structure of an organization, indicating who is to communicate with whom. Types of Communication:– Downward– Upward– Horizontal Mum Effect: The reluctance to transmit bad news, shown either by not transmitting the message at all or by delegating the task to someone else.Lecture 20(April 7)Research has shown that executives tend to communicate differently when sending messages inside and outside their organizations.To Improveo Use simple, clear languageo Become an active, attentive listenero Gauge the flow of informationo Give and receive feedbacko Be a supportive communicator Jargon: The specialized language used by a particular group (e.g., people within a profession). K.I.S.S. Principle: A basic principle of communication advising that messages should beas short and simple as possible (an abbreviation for keep it short and simple). HURIER Model: The conceptualization that describes effective listening as made up of the following six components: Hearing, Understanding, Remembering, Interpreting, Evaluating, and Responding.Invalidating Language: Language that arouses negative feelings about one’s self-worth.Validating Language: Language that makes people feel recognized and accepted for who they


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ECU PSYC 3241 - Final Exam Study Guide

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