Psych 3241 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 16Lecture 10 (Febuary 12)Nature Of Man~Organizational governance tends to revolve around what mangers think employees are like in general character, demeanor, and behavioral characteristics- Rational/Economic Fredrick Taylor: The working man (Labor) is only working because of a perceived need for money. Once he/she figures out the rules you can expect them to act accordingly- Social Elton Mayo: Started with the Hawthorne Studies. Man is first above all a “social animal”. The need to affiliate is highly important; mangers should recognize this- Self Actualized Abraham Maslow: Actually, man is more complex. Some are only in the “game” for money. But some are striving for higher order rewards like recognition, etc. Mangers should learn how to work with both types- Total Quality Management W. Edwards Deming, and Bill Ouchi: In the mid seventies, the quality revolution began as a movement from Japan that was spear-headed by an American (Deming) and it totally changed the how mangers interacted with labor. Labor now had to be trusted in a way that would not have been possible at the turn of the century. Quality rests with the worker as well in the overall design process. Problem was that, what works in Japan needs modification to work in America- Internet Age Bill Gates/Steve Jobs: In the mid eighties the business world shifted again with the advent of personal computers and later on cell phones (mid nineties). Whole job categories changed overnight. (Eg., Typists were replaced by the invention of the word-processor and a “back-space key”. Workers now were required to be “computer literate” as were managers Lecture 11(Febuary 19) Maslow’s Hierarchy - Specifies that there are five human needs and that these are arranged in such a way that lower, more basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become activated.Lower Order (Deficiency) Needs Physiological SafetyHigher Order (Growth) Needs Social Esteem Self-actualizationMcGregor wrote about these, Theory X which covers the Rational Economic and Social eras, andTheory Y that probably began with the Self Actualization folksTotal Quality Management: An organizational strategy of commitment to improving customer satisfaction by developing techniques to carefully manage output quality.Benchmarking: The process of comparing one’s own products or services with the best from others.Lecture 12 ( Febuary 24)- Personality: The unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions shown by individuals. Comes from Greek phrase (Per sona) for mask or face worn in public.- Interactionist Perspective: The view that behavior is a result of a complex interplay between personality and situational factors.- Person-Job Fit: The extent to which individuals possess the traits and competencies required to perform specific jobs.Freud- Super ego, ID, egoEric Berne- different levels talking to eachother, Adult to Adult is the best - Physiological (Looks, Build, etc.)- Cultural (Overall surroundings you live in)- Family (Whoever constitutes family unit)- Role Determinants (Life events)- Situation (Immediate circumstances)Measuring Personality - Objective Tests: Questionnaires and inventories designed to measure various aspects of personality.- Reliability: The extent to which a test yields consistent scores on various occasions.- Validity: The extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure.Lecture 13 (March 3) Five basic dimensions of personality that are assumed to underlie many specific traits.– Conscientiousness– Extraversion-Introversion– Agreeableness– Emotional Stability– Openness to Experience¸ Positive Affectivity: The tendency to experience positive moods and feelings in a wide range of settings and under many different conditions.¸ Negative Affectivity: The tendency to experience negative moods in a wide range of settings and under many different conditions.- Type A Behavior Pattern: A pattern of behavior involving high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and irritability.- Type B Behavior Pattern: A pattern of behavior characterized by a casual, laid-back style;the opposite of the Type A behavior pattern.- Tacit knowledge is action oriented; it involves knowing how to do something as opposed to knowing that something is the case.- Tacit knowledge is practically useful; it allows individuals to achieve goals they personally value.- Tacit knowledge is acquired without direct help from others.Lecture 14 (March 5)Causal attribution• Internal• ExternalCausal attribution theory (Kelly)• Consensus• Consistency• DistinctivenessKelleys Theory of AttributionConsensus: Information regarding the extent to which other people behave in the same manner as the person being judged.Consistency: Information regarding the extent to which the person being judged acts the same way at other times.Distinctiveness: Information regarding the extent to which a person behaves in the same manner in other contexts.- Predispositions that people have to misperceive others in various ways.- Types includeo Fundamental attribution erroro Halo effecto Similar-to-me effecto First impression erroro Selective perceptionSelective perception- The tendency to focus on some aspects of the environment while ignoringothersSelf-Fulfilling Prophecy: The tendency for someone’s expectations about another to cause that person to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations.Pygmalion Effect: A positive instance of the self-fulfilling prophecy, in which people holding high expectations of another tend to improve that individual’s performance.Golem Effect: A negative instance of the self-fulfilling prophecy, in which people holding lowexpectations of another tend to lower that individual’s performance Positive Reinforcement: The process by which people learn to perform behaviors that lead to the presentation of desired outcomes. Negative Reinforcement: The process by which people learn to perform acts that lead to the removal of undesired events. Punishment: Decreasing undesirable behavior by following it with undesirable consequences. Extinction: The process through which responses that are no longer reinforced tend togradually diminish in strength.Keys to Effective Training- Participation: Active involvement in the