BIOEE 1780: Final Exam
61 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Silurian
|
Plants first made their appearance on land in this era
|
|
Club mosses, lycophytes
|
Comprised huge forests in the Carboniferous Period, eventually many became compressed into coal, one of the first land plants
|
|
True branching roots, microphylls, vascular system
|
Novel traits of lycophytes
|
|
Tracheids
|
Principal water-conductors in the xylem
|
|
Phloem
|
Brings products of photosynthesis from sites of production to sites where they are used or stored
|
|
Horsetails
|
15 species, can be common in moist areas
Gametophyte is small, sporophyte is big
Secondary reduction of leaves
Flagellated gametes need to swim
|
|
Ferns
|
Common in moist areas
Gametophyte is small, but still photosynthetic. Sporophyte is big
Gametes have flagella and need water
|
|
Megaphylls
|
Large leaves; innovation of the fern ancestors
|
|
Gymnosperms
|
Naked seed plants (ex: conifers)
|
|
Pollen
|
Male gametophyte of seed plants
|
|
Angiosperms
|
Covered seed plants, fruit/flowers
|
|
Fruit
|
Swollen ovarian tissue surrounding the seeds
|
|
Absorptive heterotrophy, chitin in cell walls
|
2 synapomorphies of fungi
|
|
Saprobes
|
Type of fungi, take up nutrients from nonliving organic matter, earth's garbage disposal
|
|
Parasitic fungi
|
Type of fungi, take up nutrients from parasitic interactions, varying dependence on host
|
|
Predatory fungi
|
Type of fungi, can make use of adhesives or constricting rings
|
|
Lichens
|
Symbiotic mutualism between fungus and photobiont (the fungi is usually ascomycota and the photobiont is usually cyanobacteria or green algae)
|
|
Microsporidians
|
Highly reduced fungi, intracellular parasites of animals, likely an outgroup within the fungi clade
|
|
Sac fungi
|
Ascomycota
|
|
Club fungi
|
Basidiomycota
|
|
Dikarya
|
Include club and sac fungi
|
|
Cyhtrids
|
Fungi, paraphyletic group, responsible for amphibian population crashes
|
|
AM
|
Infected 90% of plants worldwide, exchange nutrients with the plants, plant-fungi partnership
|
|
Cocci (sperical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral)
|
3 prokaryote shapes
|
|
Binary fission
|
Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, lack of genetic variation from mother to daughter cells (unless there are mutations)
|
|
Conjugation
|
Genetic exchange between two prokaryotic individuals, separate from reproduction
|
|
Phage conversion (transduction)
|
Genetic exchange mediated by a phage (virus)
|
|
Transformation
|
Damaged cell leaks DNA, incorporated into another genome
|
|
Gram stain
|
Can determine if cells are gram positive or negative
|
|
Leeuwenhoek
|
Found spirochetes on his teeth in a biofilm (ewwwww)
|
|
Chlamydias
|
Most common STD in US, comes in two forms
|
|
Cyanobacteria
|
Blue-green algae, chlorophyll a
|
|
Extremophiles
|
Archaea that live in extreme environments (include acidophiles and halophiles)
|
|
Methanogens
|
Arachaea that contribute to global warming, anaerobic
|
|
Lateral (horizontal) gene transfer
|
Gene transfer across entire taxa, clouds phylogeny among prokaryotes
|
|
Flexible cell membrane, infolding, microtubules, mitochondria, chloroplasts
|
Major eukaryote innovations (5)
|
|
Endosymbiosis
|
Incomplete phagocytosis, resulted in membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotes
|
|
Chloroplasts
|
Derived from cyanobacteria, synapomorphy of plantae
|
|
Brown algae
|
Secondary endosymbiosis led to the chloroplasts in ____
|
|
Dinoflagellates
|
Tertiary endosymbiosis led to the chloroplasts in _____
|
|
Bilateral mating
|
Conjugation and other processes that lead to genetic exchange within a bacterial species
|
|
Alveolates, stramenopiles, excavates, amoebozoans, choanoflagellates
|
Protists include these 5 taxa
|
|
Ciliates
|
Covered in cilia, endosymbionts
|
|
Dinoflagellates
|
Two flagella, tertiary endosymbiosis of chloroplast, bioluminescence
|
|
Plasmodium
|
Intracellular parasites in the alveolate group
|
|
Stramenopiles
|
2 unequal flagella, include brown algae and diatoms
|
|
Diatoms
|
Major components of plankton
|
|
Excavates
|
Mitochondria reduced or absent in some groups, associated with anaerobic conditions
|
|
Amoebozoans
|
Have lobose pseudopods
|
|
Loboseans
|
Single celled amoebozoans
|
|
Slime molds
|
Multicellular amoebozoans, can get very large
|
|
The great oxidation event
|
Brought the atmospheric O2 to a recognizable level, caused by the origin of photosynthesis
|
|
Glaucophytes
|
Single-celled plants
|
|
Red algae
|
Plant, phycoerythrin, enhance the formation of coral reefs, no peptidoglycan
|
|
Green algae
|
Plants, paraphyletic
|
|
Land plants
|
Protected embryo, cuticle, multicellular sporophyte
|
|
Liverworts
|
Simplest land plants, leaf-like sheets of tissue
|
|
Gametophyte
|
1n
|
|
Sporophyte
|
2n
|
|
Alternation of generations
|
The life cycle has both diploid and haploid stages
|
|
Mosses
|
Plant, first to have stomata and waxy cuticle
|
BIOEE 1780: Prelims 2