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BIOEE 1780: Final Exam
Silurian
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Plants first made their appearance on land in this era
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Club mosses, lycophytes
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Comprised huge forests in the Carboniferous Period, eventually many became compressed into coal, one of the first land plants
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True branching roots, microphylls, vascular system
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Novel traits of lycophytes
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Tracheids
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Principal water-conductors in the xylem
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Phloem
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Brings products of photosynthesis from sites of production to sites where they are used or stored
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Horsetails
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15 species, can be common in moist areas
Gametophyte is small, sporophyte is big
Secondary reduction of leaves
Flagellated gametes need to swim
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Ferns
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Common in moist areas
Gametophyte is small, but still photosynthetic. Sporophyte is big
Gametes have flagella and need water
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Megaphylls
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Large leaves; innovation of the fern ancestors
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Gymnosperms
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Naked seed plants (ex: conifers)
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Pollen
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Male gametophyte of seed plants
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Angiosperms
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Covered seed plants, fruit/flowers
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Fruit
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Swollen ovarian tissue surrounding the seeds
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Absorptive heterotrophy, chitin in cell walls
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2 synapomorphies of fungi
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Saprobes
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Type of fungi, take up nutrients from nonliving organic matter, earth's garbage disposal
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Parasitic fungi
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Type of fungi, take up nutrients from parasitic interactions, varying dependence on host
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Predatory fungi
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Type of fungi, can make use of adhesives or constricting rings
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Lichens
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Symbiotic mutualism between fungus and photobiont (the fungi is usually ascomycota and the photobiont is usually cyanobacteria or green algae)
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Microsporidians
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Highly reduced fungi, intracellular parasites of animals, likely an outgroup within the fungi clade
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Sac fungi
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Ascomycota
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Club fungi
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Basidiomycota
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Dikarya
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Include club and sac fungi
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Cyhtrids
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Fungi, paraphyletic group, responsible for amphibian population crashes
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AM
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Infected 90% of plants worldwide, exchange nutrients with the plants, plant-fungi partnership
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Cocci (sperical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral)
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3 prokaryote shapes
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Binary fission
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Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, lack of genetic variation from mother to daughter cells (unless there are mutations)
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Conjugation
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Genetic exchange between two prokaryotic individuals, separate from reproduction
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Phage conversion (transduction)
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Genetic exchange mediated by a phage (virus)
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Transformation
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Damaged cell leaks DNA, incorporated into another genome
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Gram stain
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Can determine if cells are gram positive or negative
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Leeuwenhoek
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Found spirochetes on his teeth in a biofilm (ewwwww)
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Chlamydias
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Most common STD in US, comes in two forms
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Cyanobacteria
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Blue-green algae, chlorophyll a
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Extremophiles
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Archaea that live in extreme environments (include acidophiles and halophiles)
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Methanogens
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Arachaea that contribute to global warming, anaerobic
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Lateral (horizontal) gene transfer
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Gene transfer across entire taxa, clouds phylogeny among prokaryotes
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Flexible cell membrane, infolding, microtubules, mitochondria, chloroplasts
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Major eukaryote innovations (5)
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Endosymbiosis
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Incomplete phagocytosis, resulted in membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotes
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Chloroplasts
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Derived from cyanobacteria, synapomorphy of plantae
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Brown algae
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Secondary endosymbiosis led to the chloroplasts in ____
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Dinoflagellates
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Tertiary endosymbiosis led to the chloroplasts in _____
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Bilateral mating
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Conjugation and other processes that lead to genetic exchange within a bacterial species
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Alveolates, stramenopiles, excavates, amoebozoans, choanoflagellates
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Protists include these 5 taxa
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Ciliates
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Covered in cilia, endosymbionts
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Dinoflagellates
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Two flagella, tertiary endosymbiosis of chloroplast, bioluminescence
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Plasmodium
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Intracellular parasites in the alveolate group
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Stramenopiles
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2 unequal flagella, include brown algae and diatoms
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Diatoms
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Major components of plankton
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Excavates
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Mitochondria reduced or absent in some groups, associated with anaerobic conditions
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Amoebozoans
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Have lobose pseudopods
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Loboseans
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Single celled amoebozoans
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Slime molds
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Multicellular amoebozoans, can get very large
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The great oxidation event
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Brought the atmospheric O2 to a recognizable level, caused by the origin of photosynthesis
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Glaucophytes
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Single-celled plants
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Red algae
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Plant, phycoerythrin, enhance the formation of coral reefs, no peptidoglycan
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Green algae
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Plants, paraphyletic
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Land plants
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Protected embryo, cuticle, multicellular sporophyte
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Liverworts
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Simplest land plants, leaf-like sheets of tissue
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Gametophyte
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1n
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Sporophyte
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2n
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Alternation of generations
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The life cycle has both diploid and haploid stages
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Mosses
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Plant, first to have stomata and waxy cuticle
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