84 Cards in this Set
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social smile
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between 6 and 10 months
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emotional contagion
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detecting others emotions
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social referencing
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seeing an unfamiliar person and looking to mom and she says "it's ok" and then interacting with that person
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self conscious emotions
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shame and embarrassment
temperament
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temperament
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low to moderately stable from one age period to the next for stability of temperament
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self control is exhibited
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when self awareness strengthens the capacity to resist an impulse to engage in socially disapproved behavior
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growth in infants birth-age 2
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50% in height birth to age 1, 75% at age 2. gains baby fat until 9 months and then gets slimmer
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cephalocaudal trend
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development "head to tail" the head develops more rapidly than the body
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proxomodistal trend
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development from "near to far" physical growth begins at the center of the body and moves outward
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brain develop between birth & age 2
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it is fully sized, but by age two the synapses cling together to make a more well developed brain
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frontal lobe
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responsible for thought, consciousness, inhabitation of influences and use of memory & problem solving strategies
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temporal lobe
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lower part on both right and left sides. responsible for auditory processing; speech, visuals memory & navigation
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parietal lobe
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receives sensory input for touch and body position associated with movement, orientation and recognition
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occipital lobe
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control out of visual perception. discriminates against/ between colors and processes movement
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plasticity
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a highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas aren't yet committed to specific functions, high capacity for learning.
if other parts of the cortex are damaged other parts can take over tasks it would've handles
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infancy a sensitive period?
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they cant be deprived of certain nurtures from caregivers or they could have many problems in the future
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appropriate stimulation
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depends on the type of brain development
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experience-expectant
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happens early and naturally
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experience-dependent
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children need age appropriate activities
i.e., playtime, storytime, shared meals
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romanian orphanages
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the children were undernourished, very tiny & thin, didn't grow (had problems developing physically and mentally) rarely talked
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implications of brain development for infants sleeping & crying
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when children are born they sleep most of all the day and this declines once they grow older
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breast feeding for baby
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correct fat-protein balance, nutritionally complete, more digestible, disease protection, better jaw and teeth development, easier transition to solid foods
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breast feeding for mom
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fast recovery and weightless after pregnancy, easier and more convenient, some protection against pregnancy, reduced risk of breast & other forms of cancer, helps mom-baby bonding
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marasmus
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diet low in all essential nutrients, usually first year of life, body appears wasted
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Kwashiorkor
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diet low in protein (ages 1 to 3), enlarged belly, swollen feet, rash, hair loss, irritability or listlessness
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non-organic failure to thrive
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a growth disorder that results from lack of parental love. present by 18 months of age.
signs of marasmus are shown but no biological cause for the abby's failure to grow can be found
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habituation
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gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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gross-motor development
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control over actions that help get infants around in the environment (crawling, standing and walking
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fine-motor development
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has to do with smaller movements. (writing, painting, use a computer, turn pages in a book)
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hearing
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4 to 7 months, sense of musical phrasing.
6 to 8 months, "screen out" sounds from non native languages
7 to 9 months, recognize familiar words, natural phrasing in native language
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vision
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supported by rapid maturation of eyes and visual centers in the baring
improvements: 2 months, focus and color vision
6 months, acuity, scanning and tracking
6 to 7 months, depth perception
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intermodal
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we make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor, and taste information by perceiving them as a unified whole
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gross motor skills related to perceptual developments
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children of a certain age wont go over the clear platform because they think it is a big drop
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sensorimotor
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birth to two, objects exist outside their visual field-- object permanence
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schemes
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specific psychological structure-- organized ways of making sense of experiences
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adaptation
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involves building schemes through direct interaction with the enviroment
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assimilation
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we use our current schemes to interpret the external world
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accomodation
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we create new schemes or adjust new ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely
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organization
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process that takes place internally. once children form new schemes, they rearrange them, linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system
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circular reaction
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a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance event caused by their own motor activity
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sensorimotor stages
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reflexive- birth to 1 month newborn reflexes
primary- 1-4 months simple motor habits centered around the infants own body
secondary- 4-8 months actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in the surrounding world; imitation
coordination- 8-12 months, intentional + goal-directed, beh…
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a-not-b error
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ability to search in several locations for a hidden object. ends after 12months
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mental strategies
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to operate on and transform it, increasing the chances that we will retain information, adapting the information to changing circumstances
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sensory register
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where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly
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working/short-term memory
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we actively apply mental strategies as we "work" on a limited amount of information
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central executive
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directs the flow of information. it decides what to attend to, coordinates incoming information with info already in the system, and selects, applies, and monitors strategies
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long term memory
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permanent knowledge base
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how does cognition develop?
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throughout the ages
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what changes occur in attention
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it changes throughout ages
2 to 3 months: explore patterns and objects
4 to 5 months: 5 to 10 seconds visual stimulus
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memory
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holds limited amount of information
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infantile amnesia
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the inability of most older children and adults to remember events that happens before age 3
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contribution of Vygotsky's Theory
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complex mental activities have their own origins in social interaction
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zone of proximal development
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refers to a range of tasks that the child can't handle alone but can do with the help of a more skilled partner
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how does language develop for deaf babies
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by observation
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first typical words
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dada, daddy, moma, mommy, cat, dog
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underextension
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an early vocal error, in which a word is applied too narrowly, to a smaller # of objects & events
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overextension
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early vocal error in which a word is applied too broadly, to a wider collection of objects and events
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telegraphic extension
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toddlers 2 word utterances that focus on high content words while omitting smaller, less important words
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basic emotions
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happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, disgust.
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anger change in infancy
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newborns get angry over hungriness, changes in body temp., and too much or too little stimulation. the older they get, the wider range a situation is that makes them angry
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stranger anxiety
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most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults.
6 months: wariness, 9-12 months: intense distress, 15 months: peak separation protest
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secure base
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babies use the familiar parent, or to which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional suppoer
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social referencing
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actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
parents take advantage of this to teach their babies how to react in many everyday events
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long term implications of maternal depression
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depressed mothers view their infants more negatively
children can have serious adjustment problems; some depressed others aggressive
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self conscious emotions
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humans are capable of a second, high order set of feelings, including guilt, shame, embarrassment and pride.
each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self
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why is it important for parents to intervene when their infant is stressed
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because it reinforces the babies rapid rise to distress and causes brain structures that buffer stress may fail to develop properly that result in an anxious reactive child with a reduced capacity for regulating emotion
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temperament
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early appearing..
heart rate, cortisol levels, inherited psychological traits
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goodness of fit
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the degree to which an individuals temperament is compatible with the demands an expectations of his or her social environment.
involves creating child rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encourages more adaptive functioning
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attachment
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a relatively enduring emotional tie to a specific other person
characteristics: close proximity, distress during separation, joy when reunion
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strange situation
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takes the baby through 8 short episodes in which brief separations from and reunites with the parent occur in unfamiliar play room.
lab procedure for ages 1-2
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secure attachment
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use the parent as a secure base, when separated they may or may not cry, if they do its because the parent is absent
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avoidant attachment
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unresponsive to the parent when present, not distressed when they leave and they act to the stranger as a way as the parent. when parent they act angry
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resistant attachment
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looking away while the parent is holding them or approaching the parent with flat, depressed emotion
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how do infant temperaments impact attachment
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if a baby's temperament in emotionally reactive and difficult are more likely to develop late insecure attachments. caregiving is also involved
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long term implications of care giving
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"clear cut" (7 to 24 months) separation anxiety, secure base
reciprocal relationship
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how do mothers and fathers differ in parenting
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mother; unconditional love for their child, constant part of lives
father; having fun i.e., piggy back rides, teaching how to play. responsible for spiritual and emotional growth
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self awareness
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from birth, aided by intermodal perception
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self recognition
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emerges in 2nd year, helped by acting on environment and noticing effects
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categorical self
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to categorize others and self into social categories of age, physical characteristics.. good or bad. used to organize behavior
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skeleton grow more rapidly
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45 new epiphyses or growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone...
baby teeth
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US immunizations
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we don't have that many immunizations done for preschoolers simply because parents don't have the time.. money issues.. media etc
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motor skills improve..
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balance improves, gait smooth and rhythmic by age two.
upper & lower body skills combine into more refined actions by age five, greater speed and endurance
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the self help
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dressing themselves, eating, shoe tying, drawing & writing. handedness is a factor of fine motor skills
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egocentrism
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failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from ones own.
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CDFS 110: Exam 2