CDFS 110 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters 1-3 Chapter 1 Theory and ResearchLifespan Development is a blend of biological, social, and physical forces. Its major domains are physical, cognitive, and social. Lifespan Development can be applied to everyday life through the use of therapies and research. Development is also multidirectional because it includes growth as well as decline through a lifetime. A theory serves to explain and predict behavior through experimentation and repeated testing. A stage theory is discontinuous in nature. A hypothesis is the part of the theory that is an educated prediction that will be tested while a research method is a step-by-step process created to either support or refute the hypothesis. In an experiment, the independent variable is one that is manipulated and the dependent variable is measured (depends on independent variable). One specific theory, the Ecological Systems Theory views development as occurring within a complete system with multiple levels involved. Another important theory, the Social Learning Theory includes four steps: attention, encoding, storing and retrieving. In development, there are many different types of research designs. A longitudinal design follows the same group of people through multiple stages ( ex: the same ten children from kindergarten to fifth grade). A cross-sectional design follows different groups of people at acertain period of time ( ex: 10 kindergarten students, 10 first grade students….etc. ). Random assignment is a type of research design that makes sure participants are equally randomized. For example, if an experiment involves hair color, each group will include 5 blondes, 5 red heads, and 5 brunettes. - Id: basic needs- Ego: adapts to reality- Superego: conscience- Correlation Coefficient: measures the relationship between two variables ( ranges from -1 to 1)Chapter 2 Biological and Environmental Factors- DNA: contains genetic info- Gene: segment of DNA- Mitosis: duplication of DNA- Meiosis: formation of gametes by division- Gamete: sex cell containing 23 chromosomes- Autosomes: 22 matching pairs of chromosomes- Sex Chromosomes: X is female, Y is male- Genotype: genetic makeup- Phenotype: characteristics that are physically observable- Epigenesis: development which results from bidirectional exchanges between heredity and environment- Range of Reaction: unique genetically determined response to an environment- SES: consists of a person’s years of education, prestige of job, and income- Genetic Environmental Correlation: genes have an impact on the environment we are exposed to- Collectivist Society: focus on group goals- Individualist Society: focus on individual achievements- Genetic Counseling: helps determine the chance of having a child with birth defectsChapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and InfancyFertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes when an egg and sperm mix together toform an embryo. After fertilization, it takes 22 to 26 weeks to reach the age of viability. This is the point when the fetus can first survive on its own.During pregnancy, women should avoid the use of teratogens, which are substances that could harm the baby. These include tobacco, alcohol, and some prescription medications. If the use of teratogens is stopped at any point during pregnancy, the risk of defects will be lowered. There are three stages of childbirth:1) Dilation: longest stage lasting 12 to 14 hours, widening of the cervix2) Delivery: approximately one hour, strong contractions forcing the baby down and out3) Delivery of Placenta: final contractions, only about 10 minutes- APGAR scale: used to assess infants health and physical condition right after birth. 7 or higher means good health. 4-6 means may need attention. 3 or lower means emergency medical attention is needed immediately.- Reflexes: responses to certain stimuli that is automatic in infants. These include moro, rooting, and palmar grasp reflexes. The most important, moro, occurs when a baby turnsits head in the direction of a touch to its face. - After industrial revolution, childbirth moved from the home to the hospital. - Epidural: strong medication delivered through a needle during delivery; can cause drowsiness for the infant and slow the birthing process- Couples should have a strong relationship support, social support, and a good income to adjust easily to parenthood. - A woman should gain approximately 25-30 pounds during pregnancy to remain