76 Cards in this Set
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what are the three assumptions of lifespan development?
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1. interdisciplinary
2. scientific
3. practical applications
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what are the three major domains of human development?
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1. physical
2. cognitive
3. social/emotional
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what are the practical applications of the study of human development?
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...
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what does it mean that development is multidimensional?
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affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, and social forces
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what does it mean that development is multidirectional?
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at every period, development is a joint expression of growth and decline
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are stage theories continuous or discontinuous?
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discontinuous - cognitive development takes pace in stages
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cohort effect
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traits, attitudes/behaviors shared by people growing up under similar sociocultural conditions at a particular point in time
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age-graded
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effects on development that tend to occur at approx. the same chronological age in most people
-puberty
-when you start school
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history-graded
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effects common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
-hurricane katrina
-social media
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non-normative influences
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irregular, in that they happen to just one or a few individuals and do not follow a predictable timetable
-resources available to developing person
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theory
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an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts
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hypothesis
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a prediction about behavior drawn from the theory
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research methods?
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-systematic observation
-self-reports
-clinical, or case study method
-ethonographies of the life circumstances of a specific group of people
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research designs?
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correlation and experimental
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id
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biological based drives, innate desires, and the main source of psychic energy
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ego
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minds avenue to reality, mechanism to adapt to reality, and involves the delay of energy discharge or inhibiting the id
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superego
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last to develop, arises when children identify their parents.
two parts:
1. conscience
2. ego ideal
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what are the two parts of superego?
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conscience and ego ideal
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what are the four steps in the social learning theory?
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1. attention
2. retention
3. reproduction
4. motivation
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what are the different systems describes by bronfenbrenner in ecological systems theory?
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-microsystem
-mesosystem
-exosystem
-macrosystem
-chronosystem
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what is a microsystem?
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activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surroundings - face-to-face interactions
-relationships
-roles
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what is a mesosystem?
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connection between microsystems, made up of two or more microsystems
-immediate family
-school
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what is a exosystem?
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comprises settings that individuals may not be directly a part of, but still influence their development
-social networks such as friends and extended family
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what is a macrosystem?
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outermost layer, not a specific context
-values
-customs
-laws
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what is a chronosystem?
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time and sociohistorical conditions, constancy and change in the individual and the environment
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how does the ecological systems theory view children?
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developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
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what is the process in classical conditioning?
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...
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longitudinal design/research?
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studied the same people over a period of time, usually years or more
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cross-sectional design/research?
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studies people all at one time
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correlational design/research?
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reveals relationships between variables, doesn't reveal cause-and-effect
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experimental design?
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allows cause-and-effect statements, lab experiments may not apply in the real world
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independent variable
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experimenter changes or manipulates - expected to cause change in another variable
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dependent variable
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experimenter measures, but does not manipulate - expected to be influenced by the independent variable
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random assignment
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-participants randomly assigned to experimental and control groups
-iv: time/no time management program
-dv: students' grade in school
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correlation coefficient
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a number, ranging from +1.00 to -1.00, that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
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DNA
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substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
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gene
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segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
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mitosis
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-cell duplication and division
-46 chromosomes replicate themselves
-migrate to opposite sides of the cell
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meiosis
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-23 chromosomes replicate themselves
-genetic material is exchanged between a pair of chromosomes
-forms four daughter cells
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gamete
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-sperm and ova
-each contain 23 chromosomes
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autosomes
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22 pairs of chromosomes that are NOT sex chromosomes
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sex chromosomes
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-23rd pair of chromosomes
-determines sex of child: xx - female, xy - male
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how is the sex of a child determined?
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sex chromosomes
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when do most chromosomal abnormalities occur?
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cell division
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what risk factors increase the risk for abnormalities?
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down syndrome - problems with the 21st chromosome
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what are some prenatal diagnostic methods?
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-amniocentesis
-chorionic villus sampling
-maternal blood analysis
-ultrasound
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phenotypes
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an individuals observable characteristics, the physical and psychological traits
-health
-behavior
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genotypes
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an individuals genetic endowment
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epigenesis
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development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment
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describe the concept of range of reaction
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...
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collectivistic society
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people define themselves as a part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals
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individualistic society
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people think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs
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what three variable "makes up" socioeconomic status?
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1. years of education
2. the prestige of ones job and the skill it requires
3. income
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genetic counseling
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a communication process designed to help couples asses their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals
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direct influences
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two person relationships
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indirect influences
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third parties
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bidirectional influence
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adapting to change (dynamic systems)
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fertilization
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from one cell to trillions
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what is the age of viability?
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22-26 weeks can survive out the womb
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teratogens
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any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
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what are the effects of common teratogens?
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-alcohol: abnormally small head, underdeveloped brain, eye abnormalities, etc.
-thalidomide: born with no arms or legs, feet and hands attached to their torso - like flippers
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at what point can a pregnant woman reduce the risks to her baby by quitting smoking?
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before pregnant
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stage 1 of childbirth
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dilation of the cervix - lasts until cervix is completely dilated of 10 cm
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stage 2 of childbirth
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explosion of the fetus - continues after the cervix is dilated to 10 cm until the delivery
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stage 3 of childbirth
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explosion of the placenta - shortest stage
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what does the APGAR scale stand for?
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appearance
pulse
grimace
activity
respiration
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APGAR scale
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low birth weight, less than 5.5 pounds at birth or preterm: three or more weeks early
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what are examples of reflexes?
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-facilitate adaptation/survival: eye blink, rooting, sucking, startle
-competencies of human/primate species: moro, polar grasp, stepping
-unknown function: tonic neck, babinski
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why are reflexes present at birth?
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babies adjust their sucking pressure to how easily milk flows from the nipple
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why and when do reflexes disappear during early infancy?
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the first six months, due to a general increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops
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why are abnormal newborn reflexes worrisome?
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they can signal brain damage
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how did childbirth experience change following the industrial revolution?
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women's knowledge of childbirth declined as doctors assumed responsibility
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epidural analgesia can cause which problems for the labor & delivery process and for the baby?
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weakens uterine contractions, labor is prolonged and increase chances of surgical delivery
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what can parents do to help soothe crying newborns?
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hold on shoulder and rock or walk, massage, offer a pacifier, etc..
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what is SIDS?
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sudden infant death syndrome
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why is the newborn period challenging for new parents? what can new parents do to manage the stress of becoming a family?
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changed schedule, relationship changes, new roles, etc..
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CDFS 110: Exam 2