SOCI 304: FINAL EXAM
36 Cards in this Set
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London Metropolitan Police
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1st recognized police agency
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the emergence of criminal gangs and groups
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What prompted formal police agency development?
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criminal justice system
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Components of government charged with enforcing law, adjusting criminals, and correcting criminal conduct
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police, courts, and corrections
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The criminal justice system is made up of
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deterrence theory
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The view that if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning increases, crime rates should decline
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deterrent effect
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The ability of crime control measures to end or eliminate crime. Deterrence may be achieved by the actual application of the law or by the creation of a perception that crime with be detected and punished.
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deterrent
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A thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something
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probable cause
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The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant; less than absolute certainty or "beyond a reasonable doubt" but greater than mere suspicion or hunch. A set of facts, information, circumstances or conditions that would lead a reason…
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probable cause hearing
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A hearing to determine if there is sufficient evidence to warrant a trial; also called a preliminary hearing
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grand jury
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a group (usually consisting of 23 citizens) chosen to hear testimony in secret and to issue formal criminal accusations (indictments). It also serves an investigatory function.
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dispositions
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For juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders. The theory is that this is more rehabilitative than retributive. May be used to dismiss the case, release the youth to the custody of his or her parents, place the offender on probation, or send him or her to a corr…
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bail
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The monetary amount for or condition of pretrial release, normally set by a judge at the initial appearance. Insures the return of the accused at subsequent proceedings. If the accused is unable to make this, they are detained to jail. Eighth amendment protects defendant from excessive a…
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procedural laws
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laws that set out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system. (rules of evidence, law of arrest, law of search and seizure, questions of appeal, jury selection, and the right to counsel)
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crime control model
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a model of criminal justice that emphasizes the control of dangerous offenders and the protection of society. It advocates call for harsh punishments, such as death penalty, as a deterrent to crime
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protect the public, deter criminal behavior, and incapacitate known criminals
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philosophies of the crime control model
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police
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gatekeepers of criminal justice process
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fight crime, keep the peace, provide community services, deter and prevent crime
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role of police and other agents of social control
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community oriented policing
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focused on community preservation, public safety, order maintenance, and community policing in action
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problem oriented policing
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play an active role in identifying particular community problems and developing strategies to counteract them
define problems narrowly
important resources (community/ line officers)
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intelligence led policing
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collection and analysis of information to produce informed police decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels
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search warrant
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a judicial order, based on probable cause, allowing police officers to search for evidence in a particular place, seize that evidence, and carry it away. If this is valid, that evidence can be used against the suspect at trial.
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search and seizure
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police can do this if they have a valid warrant. there are however exceptions allowing them to do this without a warrant.
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court systems
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state courts
federal courts
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court process
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prosecutor
defense
judge
pretrial procedures (indictment, grand jury, preliminary hearing, pleas, bail)
criminal trial (jury selection, trial - opening, prosecution, cross examination, defense, rebuttal, closing, instructions to jury, verdict, sentence, appeal)
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maximum, medium, minimum, super max, private
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types of prisons
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indeterminate sentence
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encourages inmates to engage in treatment programs by promising them early release if they can convince correctional authorities that they have been rehabilitated while in prison
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determinate sentences
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give the convicted criminal a set number of years in prison
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structured sentencing
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sentencing based on sentencing guidelines (based on seriousness of crime and the background of the offender)
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truth in sentencing laws
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requires offenders to serve a substantial portion of their prison sentences behind bars
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death penalty
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capital punishment, execution. very controversial
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sentence disparity
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people who commit the same type of crime can receive widely different sentences
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probation
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provides offenders with the opportunity to prove themselves, gives them a second chance, and allows them to be closely supervised by trained personnel who can help them reestablish proper forms of behavior in the community
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inmate life
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institution has complete control over you
separated from all
sexual exploitation
violence
racial conflict
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inmate rights that are taken away
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privacy
human contact
safety
sexual freedom
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recidivism
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the tendency of a convicted criminal to re offend
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5-6%
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what percentage of inmates are women?
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SOCI 304: Exam 1