SOCI 205: EXAM 3
23 Cards in this Set
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Culture
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the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. Like the concept of society, the notion of culture is widely used in sociology and other social sciences (particularly anthropology). Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association
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Values
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ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live.
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Norms
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rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations. A norm either prescribes a given typeof behavior or forbids it. All human groups follow definite norms, which are always backed by sanctions of one kind of the other-varying from disapproval to phys…
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Society
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a group of people that live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups.
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Religion
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a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarding with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices.
do not universally involve a belief in supernatural entities
form of culture (consists of shared beliefs, value…
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Theism
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a belief in one or more supernatural deities
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Material Goods
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the physical objects that a society creates, which influence the ways which influence the ways in which people live.
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Sociologists of Religion, study...
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ways in which a crisis in prevailing beliefs promotes religious fervor
how competing religions lead some to thrive and other to perish
address the relationship between religion, ethnic identity, and politics
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Marx
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Religion and Inequality
religion represents human-alienation
thinking derived from writings of Ludwig Feuerbach, who believed in the process he called alienation-human beings attribute their own culturally created values and norms to alien, or separate, beings b/c they…
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Durkheim
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Religion and Functionalism
In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life: totemism: the worship of objects such as animals or plants believed to embody mystical spirits
this was religion in its most elementary form
defines religion as the distinction between the s…
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Weber
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World Religion and Social Change
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Protestantism supports capitalism (reinvest their money in their enterprises)
“Worldly Asceticism”: resulted in capital accumulation; engaged in the world, but delayed gratifica…
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Secular Thinking
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worldly thinking, particularly as seen in the rise of science, and rational thought in general
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Secularization
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A process of decline in the influence of religion.
modern societies have become increasingly secularized
can refer to levels of involvement with religious organizations
See-Saw Model: a rise in science = fall in religion and faith and visa versa
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Protestantism
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liberal and moderate groups are losing members (a more flexible approach to religious practices)
conservative groups are growing (inspire deep loyalty and commitment, effective in recruiting members)
emphasize a literal interpretation of the Bible, morality in life, and conv…
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Catholicism
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growth due to immigration from Mexico and Central America
growth hides loss of non-immigrant Catholics
make up a quarter of the population
church attendance has declined
reason for decline is unclear, but may be due to the ban of artificial contraceptions
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Jews, Muslims, "Nones"
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Jews:
Assimilation, intermarriage, and low birth rates
Muslims:
possible underreporting
"Nones":
15% of population
NOT considered atheists
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Churches, Sects
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Churches: bodies of people belonging to an established religious organization. Term also used to refer to place in which religious ceremonies are carried out
Sects: Religious movements that break away from orthodoxy
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Denomination
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a religious sect that has lost its revivalist dynamism and become an institutionalized body, commanding the adherence of significant numbers of people
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Cults
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Fragmentary religious groupings to which individuals are loosely affiliated , but which lack any permanent structure
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Evangelicalism
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a form of protestantism characterized by a belief in spiritual rebirth
"born again"
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Resurgence of Evangelicalism
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response to growing secularism, religious diversity, and decline of Protestant values
What do Evangelical Christians believe?
Bible is without error
salvation only comes through belief in Jesus Christ
others must be converted (evangelism)
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Fundamentalists
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a group within evangelicalism that is highly antimodern in many of its beliefs, adhering to strict codes of morality and conduct
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Cultural Capital
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the advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children
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Sociology 205 Final Exam