SOCI 205: Exam 2
71 Cards in this Set
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Group
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Two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms and have subjective awareness as "we"
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What Georg Simmel said about dyads and triads
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Can have critical consequences for group behavior
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Social differentiation
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Process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society
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Examples of social differentiation
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Sports organizations (players, coaches, and fans)
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Social stratification
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System of structured social inequality. Has fixed hierarchical arrangement. Has access to different resources, power, and perceived social worth
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Gender
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Learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of the same sex
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Gender stratification
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Hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender
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Caste system of stratification
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Ascribed status (born into class)
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Socioeconomic status (SES)
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Most significant in determining peoples placement in different class levels
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Class System of stratification
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Achieved status (changes class)
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Estate system of stratification
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Ownership of property and exercise of power are monopolized by an elite who has total control over societal resources
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Gender socialization
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Men and women learn expectations associated with their sex
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Deviant identity
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Definition that one person has of themselves as being deviant
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Simmel
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Studied groups and effects of size
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Effects of size
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Dyad and triad have entirely different group dynamics
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Sutherland
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Studied differential association theory
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What is the process called where different statues in any group develop
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Social differentiation
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The sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender is
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Gender stratification
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Social categories that determine a group
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Engage in similar behavior, group size, closeness of members, duration of time that group stays together
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Charles Wooten Cooley said what
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Small intimate groups are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of the individual
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Instrumental behavior
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Two or more people who interact on a formal and personal basis to accomplish a specific objective
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Reference group
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Provides standards for evaluating values attitudes and behaviors.
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Social boundaries
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The material or symbolic devices that identify who is inside or outside the group
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Social groups
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exert tremendous influence on our behavior and identity
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Group think
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Group decisions associated with unintended and disastrous consequences
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Risky shift
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When people in a group are more likely to make risky decisions than if they are alone
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Formal organization
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A large secondary group (school, church)
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What type of organization is highly organized to do complex tasks and the activities are regulated in advance
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Formal organization
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Normative organization
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Voluntary (PTA, church)
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Coercive Organizations
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Involuntary (prison)
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Utilitarian group
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Receives benefits (salary)
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What are the 3 types of formal organization
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Normative organization, coercive organization, and utilitarian group
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Charles Perrow
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Observed organizations. More than half of the organizations studied worked for white men
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As formal organizations develop, they generally become what
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Bureaucracies
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What are the common problems found in bureaucracies
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Ritualism, alienation, group think, and risky shift
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What are the four main characteristics of deviance
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Occurs in social context, culturally relative, social rules are created or constructed, audience decides what is defined as deviant
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How do sociologists see deviance
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Influenced by society
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Durkheim criticized what theories
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That those who commit suicide are mentally deranged
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Functionalism
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Focuses on behavior and audience reactions contribute to stability in society
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Who said "deviant behavior creates social cohesion"
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Durkheim
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What are the three types of suicide as defined by Durkheim
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Anomic, Alturistic, Egotistic
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What is anomic suicide
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Committed by people when disintegrating forces in society make individuals feel lost or alone
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Altruistic suicide
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Groups can influence behavior and an overly involved person could take his life for the best interests of or conforming to his group
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Conflict perspective
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Argues that the economic structure of capitalism produces deviance and crime
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Task and campaign models
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Designed to favor the interests of the rich and powerful
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Critics of the conflict theory say what
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Laws protect most people, just not the rich
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Symbolic interaction
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Deviance refers to not just something one does, but something one becomes
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Label
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When a person is assigned a deviant identity by others including by agents of social institutions
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Functionalism and crime
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Necessary to hold society together by separating good from bad
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Symbolic interaction and crime
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Used to see how people learn how to be criminals
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Conflict and crime
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Disadvantaged groups are more likely to be criminals
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Uniform crime reports
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Based on actual national incident reports made by the police
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National victimization survey
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Yields information on crime and crime victims through surverys
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Self report data
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Asks respondents in a study about behaviors in a given time period
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Uniform crime index measures what
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Index crimes (personal, property, victim-less, and hate)
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Organized crimes
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Crimes committed by structured groups
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Corporate crime
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Takes place in and is endorsed by a bureaucracy
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How many are incarcerated, on parole, or probation
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7 million
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Conspirator
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Help set up crime
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Accomplice
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Takes orders and does what they're told
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Partner
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Someone on equal footing
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Sole Perpertrator
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Plays major role
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Occupational prestige
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Perceived subjective rank assigned to an occupation
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Upper class
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5%
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Upper middle class
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15%
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Lower class
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20%
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65 years and older are poor
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65%
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Children living in poverty
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18%
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Weber
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Stratification involves economic, social, and political dimensions
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Karl Marx
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Class conflict
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Marx defined class relationships as what
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Means of production
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Sociology 205 Final Exam