PSYC 330: EXAM 1
79 Cards in this Set
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Implicit Personality Theories
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Informal system of beliefs a person holds about how personality operates
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Level 1 (Personality)
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Like all others (human nature)
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Level 2 (Personality)
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Like some others (individual & group difference)
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Level 3 (Personality)
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Like no others (individual unique)
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Approach to personality
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What do levels of personality influence?
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Nomothetic
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Strategies of assessment and research in which the primary goal is to identify a common set of principles of law that apply to ALL members of a population or persons
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Idiographic
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Strategies of assessment and research in which the primary goal is to obtain a portrait of the potentially unique, idiosyncratic individual
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To explain the whole person
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What is the goal of personality psychology?
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1. Description-measurement
2. Prediction-anticipate future behavior
3. Control-influence/change
4. Understanding-explain
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What are the four areas of focus in personality psychology?
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1. Is it scientifically based?
2. It is systematic?
3. Is it testable?
4. Is it comprehensive?
5. Does it have practical implications?
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What are the five criteria for evaluating theories?
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Technical training
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What is already known (so it can be applied)
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Scientific education
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Not only what is known but also how to find out what is NOT yet known
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S-data
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Information that the participants report about themselves (self-report)
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L-data
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Consist of information that can be obtained from a person's life history or life record
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T-data
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Consist of information provided by knowledgeable observers such as parents, friends, or teachers
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Manipulated
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Experiments are?
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Measured
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Quasi-Experiments are?
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Personality factors (quasi IV)
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What are often used in quasi designs?
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Reliability
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Can we get the same results more than once?
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Test-retest reliability
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The variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item, under the same conditions, and in a short period of time.
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Alternate form reliability
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Carrying out two different forms of the same test to the same individuals
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Split-half reliability
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Randomly divide all items that purport to measure the same construct into two sets. We administer the entire instrument to a sample of people and calculate the total score for each randomly divided half. the split-half reliability estimate, as shown in the figure, is simply the correlatio…
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Scorer reliability
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Refers to the consistency with which different people who score the same test agree.
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Cronbach's coefficient alpha
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Average of all possible split-half correlation coefficients, >.80 is good
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Validity
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Does this measure what we think it does?
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Must be reliable, doesn't have to be valid
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Experiments must be reliable, valid or both?
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Content validity
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The extent to which the elements within a measurement procedure are relevant and representative of the construct that they will be used to measure
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Concurrent validity
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It refers to the extent to which the results of a particular test, or measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct
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Predictive validity
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Involves testing a group of subjects for a certain construct, and then comparing them with results obtained at some point in the future
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Convergent validity
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Refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related
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Discriminant validity
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It should be distinct, empirically, from other tests that already exist
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Construct validity
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The amount of research evidence supporting the personality concept
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Psychic determinism
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Assumption that everything that happens in a persons mind (thinks & does) has a specific cause
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To dig deep and find the reasons which are often in the "hidden" part of the mind
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What is the purpose of psychoanalysis?
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1. Slips of the tongue
2. Neuroses
3. Works of art
4. Rituals
5. Dreams
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Examples of the unconscious
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1. Alogical
2. Disregards time
3. Disregards space
4. Deals in a world of symbols- at one time thought there may be a universal symbol
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Aspects of the unconscious
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Motivated unconscious
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Mental contents enter the unconscious for a reason
-traumatic
-"deliberately" buried
-negative/inconsistent
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Subliminal Perception
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Occurs when a stimulus is too weak to be perceived yet a person is influenced by it, two types are: auditory and visual
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1. Advertising
2. Self-help
3. Politics
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Uses for subliminal messages
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ID
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-Sources of all drives and urges
-Pleasure principle: I want it all and I want it now
-Primary process thinking: no negatives, no danger
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Superego
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-Moral branch of functioning
-Source of moral goals and ideals of perfection
-Stores and enforces rules
-Trys to inhibit ID
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Ego
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-Reality principle: understands the constraints of the real world, develops ability to compromise
-Mediates between the ID and the superego
-Secondary process thinking
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Psychic Conflict & Compromise
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-Denial
-Repression
-Projection
-Isolation
-Undoing
-Reaction formation
-Sublimation
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Mental Energy
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Mind needs energy to make it go
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Libido
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-Life instinct
-Generally considered sexual
-Also refers to any need satisfying, sustaining or pleasure satisfying urge
-Preservation and reproduction
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Thantos
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-Death instinct
-Fundamental instinct toward destruction
-Can be manifested in aggression towards others
-Refers to an urge to destroy, harm, or aggress against self or others
-Entropy: inevitable social decline and degeneration
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Public Element of Identity
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Perceived by the individual but also recognized and confirmed by others
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1. Individuation
2. Continuity
3. Wholeness
4. Social Solidarity
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Erickson's 4 Aspects of Identity
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1. A sexual orientation
2. A set of values and ideals
3. A vocational directon
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James Marcia believed that identity involved the adoption of?
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-Career options were skill based
-You can do anything you want
-Career closely linked with social identity
-Career given same continuity as life partner
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Marcia's research was mostly career focused and he believed what?
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Status 1: Foreclosure
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Individuals have commitment to an occupational future but have NOT explored a range of options
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Status 2: Diffusion
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Individuals have NOT made an occupational commitment and are NOT explored any options
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Status 3: Moratorium
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Individuals have NOT made an occupational commitment but are actively exploring options-identity crisis
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Status 4: Achievement
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Individuals have made an occupational commitment but in the process explored all options-identity crisis
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Principles of Erickson's Theory
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-Positive resolution results in normal personality development and progression to the next stage
-Negative resolution results in inhibited development and lowers the probability that subsequent stages with be resolved positively
-It is the social environment, not biology, that determin…
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Erogenous Zones
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Instinctual drives tend to center on particular regions of the body
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Anal Stage
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There is excitation in the anus and in the movement of feces through the anal passageway, ages 2 & 3
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Phallic Stage
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Excitation and tension are focused on the genitals, ages 4 & 5
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Castration Anxiety
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The male child's fear of losing his penis
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Oedipus Complex
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Every boy is fated in fantasy to kill his father and marry his mother
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Penis Envy
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The female child chooses the father as the love object and imagines that the lost organ will be restored by having a child by the father
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Latency Stage
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The child experiences a decrease in sexual urges and interest
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Genital stage
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Occurs during the onset of puberty, the reawakening of sexual urges and Oedipal feelings
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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
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Age: 1 year
Postive outcomes: feelings of inner goodness, trust in oneself and others, optimism
Negative outcomes: sense of badness, mistrust of self and others, pessimism
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Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
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Age: 2- 3 years
Postive outcomes: exercise of will, self-control, able to make choices
Negative outcomes: rigid, excessive conscience, doubtful, self-conscious shame
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Age: 4- 5 years
Positive outcomes: pleasure in accomplishments, activity, direction and purpose
Negative outcomes: guilt over goals contemplated and achievements initiated
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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Age: latency
Positive outcomes: able to be absorbed in productive work, pride in completed product
Negative outcomes: sense of inadequacy and inferiority, unable to complete work
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Identity vs. Role Diffusion
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Age: adolescense
Postive outcomes: confidence in inner sameness and continuity, promise of a career
Negative outcomes: ill at ease in roles, no set standards, sense of artificiality
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Age: early adulthood
Positive outcomes: mutuality, sharing of thoughts, work, feelings
Negative outcomes: avoidance of intimacy, superficial relations
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Age: adulthood
Positive outcomes: ability to lose oneself in work and relationships
Negative outcomes: loss of interest in work, impoverished relations
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Age: later years
Positive outcomes: sense or order and meaning, content with self and ones accomplishments
Negative outcomes: fear of death, bitter about life and what one got from it or what did not happen
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Oral Personality
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Demanding, impatient, envious, covetous, jealous, rageful, depressed (feels empty), mistrustful, pessimistic
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Anal Personality
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Rigid, striving for power and control, concerned with should and oughts, pleasure and possessions, anxiety over waste and loss of control, concern with whether to submit or rebel
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Phallic Personality
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Male: exhibitionistic, competitive, striving for success, emphasis on being masculine-macho-potent
Female: naive, seductive, exhibitionist, flirtatious
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Mcginnies Study
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Subjects were shown two types of words, neutral and emotionally toned. The words were shown at a very fast pace and then at progressively slower speeds. A record was made of the point at with the subjects were able to identify each of the words and their sweat gland activity in response t…
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Eagle, Wlitzky and Klein's Study
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One group of subjects was shown a picture with a duck imaged shaped by the branches of a tree. Another was shown a similar picture but without a duck image shaped by the branches of a tree. For both groups the picture was presented at a rapid speed so that it was barely visible. The subj…
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Silverman et al's Study
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Researchers produced subliminal psychodynamic activation effects by presenting conflict-intensifying material "Loving Daddy is Wrong" and conflict reducing material "Loving Daddy is OK" to female undergraduates. For subjects prince to conflict over sexual urges, the conflict-intensifying…
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Pattons Study
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Healthy, college-age women and women with signs of eating disorders were compared in terms of how many crackers they would eat following subliminal presentation of three passages: "Mama Is Leaving Me," "Mama Is Loaning It," "Mona is Loaning it." The eating disorder subjects who received …
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Weinberger and Westerns Study
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Subliminal presentation of the RATS stimulus led to a more negative evaluation of the hypothetical candidate than did any of the other stimuli. In other words there could be unconscious processing of information that affected subsequent judgements.
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PSYC 330 Exam 3 - Flashcards