PSYC 330: EXAM 2
59 Cards in this Set
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type vs. trait
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type: categorical dimension of personality
trait: continuous dimensions of personality
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Single trait approach
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Focusing on one trait and learning as much as possible about its behavioral correlates, developmental antecedents, and life consequences
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Self monitoring
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-Public vs. private self
-High self monitors change their behavior to fit the situation
-Predictions
-High: Better at job interviews, social positions and opportunities, use different strategies to influence others, more attuned to bodily/environmental feedback
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Optimism
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People who tend to hold positive expectations for the future
vs. pessimists, who have a negative outlook
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optimism predictions
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-optimists tend to be happier, even w/negative circumstances
-better coping mechanisms
-less "giving up" tendencies
-accepting reality of the situation
-possible to be too optimistic (i.e., not dealing with negative situations)
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Hardiness and the 3 Cs
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-Existential courage
-Commitment: No matter how stressful it gets, stay in close contact with people and events
-Control: No matter how complex is gets, continue to have an influence on outcomes around you
-Challenge: Life is changing and stressful, but that is an opportunity to g…
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Hardiness predictions
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-More meaning in life
-Fewer health effects from situations
-Better performance
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Dark traits
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-narcicism: inflated ego
-Machiavelianism: selfish, manipulative
-Psychpathy: antisocial, remorsefulness
-Aggresion
-Intepersonal dysfunction
-Cheaters and stealers
-"Powerfull" jobs
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Top-down method
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start with a theory
Try to identify traits and prove that they are essential
Hans Eysenck
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Bottom-Up Method
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-No preconceived notions
-Battery of tests
-Raymond Cattell (16 personality factors)
-This is where the big 5 came from
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Lexical hypothesis
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-Important aspects of human life will be labelled with words, and that if something is truly important and universal, many words for it will exist in all languages
-Precursor to the Big 5
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Big 5 Traits
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-OCEAN
-Openness to experience
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
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orthogonal dimensions
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-Traits are unrelated, you can be high in one and low in another
-Each trait is made up of a number of smaller facets
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Openness to Experience
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High scores: imagination, creativity, preferring variety, curiosity
Low scores: Down-to-Earth, uncreativity, preferring routines, un-curiosity
Desire artistic expression, welcome change and challenge, Liberal attitudes, drug use, musical, etc.
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Conscientiousness
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-Job performance
-More likely to go to and stay is school
-Less likely to participate in risky behaviors
-Live longer, healthier lives
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Extraversion
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-sense of sociality
-interact well in meetings
-firm handshakes
-prominent frat members
-desires high status careers
-Higher levels of well being vs. introverts
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Agreeableness
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-Trust, straightforward, complaint, modest,
-High scores: soft-heart, trust, generous, lenient, good-natured
-Low scores: ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, cynical
-Honest, ethical, selfless, etc.
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Neuroticism
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Subjective experience of anxiety and general distress
-Anxiety, hostility, depression, self consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability to stress
High scores: Anxious, temperamental, self-pity
Low scores: Calm, even tempered, self-satisfied, comfortable, un-emotional
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What is optimal in terms of Big 5
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high in OCEA
Low in N
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Method's for examining the relationship between the brain and personality
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-Brain damage
-Brain stimulation
-Brain imaging
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Brain damage
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-Examine how a person's personality changes after their brain is damaged
-Remove part of the brain and see how that influences personality (mostly animal studies)
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Brain stimulation/brain imaging
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-Stimulate a certain part of the brain and see how it affects personality
-EEG, fMRI, PET
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Eysenck's theory
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-Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
-Assumption that the ARAS can open and close the channels of info and stimulation into the brain, and that people vary in how their ARAS works. Some let a great deal in, others are more prone to reduce it.
-A person who's open wide ARAS …
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Geen's study
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Introverts and extraverts performed equally well on task where they were allowed to choose level of background noise
-Extraverts chose higher levels of stimulation
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Necker Cube Hypothesis
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Most people see the cube the same, but they don't know if non-humans absorb it the same way
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Hemispheric asymmetry
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-Davisdon, positive emotions and hemispheric asymmetry
-Left to right activation associated with positive emotions
-Personal growth, purpose in life, self-acceptance
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Prefrontal lobes and social behavior and disorders
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-E.g. autism and aspergers
-Impaired social function, prefer predictability
-Perhaps lack a clear theory of mind
-Impairments of prefrontal cortex linked with aspergers
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Dopamine
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-neurotransmitter
-turns motivation into action
-Key role in the brain controlling body movements
-Part of sociability and activity level
-Problems processing dopamine can produce reward deficiency syndrome (alcoholism ,drug abuse, etc.)
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Seratonin
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-Plays a role in the inhibition of behavioral impulses
-Seratonin depletion can lead to anger and depression
-Critical role in "stability"
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Hormones
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Transmit information from glands into the bloodstream
-Men and women can differ on levels of some hormones
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Epinephrine and non- epinephrine
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-Epi Throughout the body
-Non-epi: in brain
-When released into the bloodstream, heart speeds up (adrenaline)
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Oxytocin
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-Fight or flight/tend and befriend
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testosterone and estrogen
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testosterone: aggresiveness,dominance, anger, etc.
-both a cause and effect of behavior
-antisocial behavior
estrogen: idk
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Cortisol
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-Released into bloodstream as a response to stress
-Part of body's preparation for action
-Stress, anxiety, depression tend to be associated with high levels of cortisol
-Rise of cortisol seems to be an effect rather than cause of stress
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oxytocin
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-Romance, sexual desire, mother-child bonding
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phenotype
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observable behavior and traits of a person
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genotype
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genetic structure of a person
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How do people study behavioral genetics?
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-Genetic variation
-Selective breeding
-Twin studies
-Adoption studies
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Heritability coefficient
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A measure of the extent to which heredity contributes to individuals differences in a trait for a group of people
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Shared environment
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-Me and Em had a shared environment and look at us
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Three kinds of nature-nurture interactions
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Same environment has different effects of different individuals
-Individuals may select different types of environments
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Basic premises of evolutionary theory
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-Reproduce
-Survive
-Pass down our genes
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Sex differences in evolutionary theory
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-Heterosexual men prefer younger partners, heterosexual women prefer older partners
-Men value attractiveness, women resources
-Men think about sex more
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Psychic determinism
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The Freudian assumption that everything that happens in a person's mind has a specific cause
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Levels of personality
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-Conscious level: part of your mental function you can observe
-Pre-conscious level: Not thinking at the moment, but can easily. Ex: think of an apple
-Unconscious: all of id, superego, most of ego. Biggest level, influences behavior without you knowing it
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Secondary process thinking
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What we think ordinarily. Conscious mind
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Primary process thinking
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Unconscious mind. Does not contain the word "no".
-Focuses on desire
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Types of anxiety
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Reality: fear of danger in the outside world
Neurotic: Fear of being overwhelmed by unacceptable impulses
Moral: Fear of being punished for violations of ethics, morals, etc.
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Psychic conflict
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Two parts of the mind with incompatible urges. Ego must defeat id
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Defense mechanisms
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-Repression
-Displacement
-Denial
-Projection
-Reaction Formation
-Rationalization
-Undoing
-Sublimation
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Repression
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-most basic
-Just block it out
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Displacement
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-Redirecting unnaceptable thoughts
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Denial
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Insisting things are not the way they seem
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Projection
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Projecting one's unacceptable qualities on others
-Ex: loud person saying someone else is loud
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Reaction formation
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Keeps an anxiety in check by producing it's opposite
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Rationalization
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Producing a seemingly logical rationalre for doing something wrong.
-Ex: drinking the night before a test to blow off steam
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Undoing
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Performing a ritual act to undo a wrong, or right a wrong
-Ex: buy wife flowers after abusing her
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Sublimation
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-Displacement of an impulse to a quiet, socially acceptable environment
-Displacement of an impulse which releases all of the built up psychic energy successfully (blowing off steam)
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Approach vs. avoidance motivation
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approach rewards (also anger)
avoid punishment
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PSYC 330 Exam 3 - Flashcards