Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Test DataII. Research DesignIII. Survey ResearchIV. CorrelationV. Experimental DataVI. Quasi-experimentsVII. Special Research StrategiesOutline of Current Lecture I. Freud’s ChildhoodII. College YearsIII. Early WorkIV. Mesmer, CharcotV. Joseph BreuerVI. Timeline of Freud: 1890-1895Current LectureI. Freud’s Childhooda. Born in Austria 1854, product of father’s second marriageb. Freud was born with cowl- gypsies believe sign of great emperorà labeled as extraordinaryc. Father was unsuccessful merchant, Jewishd. Age 4- moved to Vienna e. Age 6- identified as precocious/intelligent child- family used all their resources to educate himf. Age 10- family decided he should devote all his time to his studies so he got to use an oil lampi. Oil lamps indicated middle class so clearly they were expensiveg. Started studying philosophyi. Plato1. Freud thought he wanted a career in politics2. Change of power occurring in Viennaii. Darwin1. 1859- Darwin published The Origins of Species- became huge intellectual force and motivated scholars in many fields (medicine, philosophy)2. Darwin also wrote about the Evolution of Emotions- passing on traits and emotionsII. College Yearsa. Freud gave up philosophy to study medicinei. 1860s- “sexy” science to study was neuroscienceii. 1870s- exciting new science to study was biology (noble subject to study)iii. Freud focused on Neurology1. Studied Multiple Sclerosis PSYC 330 1st Edition2. He wrote diagnostic manual on MS3. Studied cocaine (used as anesthetic for eye surgery at the time)a. Freud did coke for experimental purposes- at the time all scientists studied on themselvesb. NOT recreational drug user; strictly did it for sciencec. Coke sold over the counter for tooth achesiv. Met Martha Verndet and was smitten1. Limited opportunities for ambitious Jews at the time- Freud did all he could but itwas hard to succeed2. Martha’s family didn’t approve of Freud because of his “prospects”—wasn’t a religious thing3. To earn money Freud worked as private tutor who was paid by students to hold discussion groups about lectures they heardIII. Early Worka. Anatomical researchb. Popular theory at the time was anatomist view: locate anatomical events that explain diseasesc. Doctor’s realized parts of brain related to speechi. Wernicke’s area- part of brain you can’t understand speechii. Broca’s area- can’t produce speechd. Freud worked in a lab dissecting 400 eels to study anatomical difference between male/female (hard to decipher sex in eels)i. He wrote a paper but someone else published same thing in Italy right before hime. Worked in Psychiatric Clinici. Patients- ppl who had strokes, mentally retarded, criminals, no familiesii. Ages 6 – 86 all together in 1 wardiii. Freud’s project- divide patients into diagnostic groups (one of them being Hysterics)f. Hysteric patientsi. From Greek word, hysteron = womb1. Greeks thought hysteria came from uterus detaching in woman and floating around their body2. They believed only women could get it (untrue)3. Greek’s solutions: Bind the abdomen, burn incents, or marriage (get laid)ii. Conversion symptoms: hysteric patients had physical incapacities that came and went1. Their temporary incapacities couldn’t be explained by any known medical condition- i.e. inability to swallow, paralysis2. Ex. glove anesthesia- can’t cut a nerve in order for this condition to result anatomically3. La belle indifference- condition where person is unconcerned with symptoms caused by conversion disorderg. Freud’s search for anatomical explanation of hysteria led him to Paris to study under CharcotIV. Charcot, Mesmera. Charcoti. Premier intellectual in Europe (Freud loved him)ii. Studied botany, medicine, physicsiii. Couldn’t practice mesmerism (see bullet C. below) but he wanted to understand emotions/hysteriaiv. Demonstrated hypnotic effects by talking to patientsb. Parisi. Very fun place to be at time, scandalous, naughty behaviorii. Freud never experienced that fun because always studying, writing Martha, and uncomfortable w/ neuroticismiii. Opens private practice as a doctoriv. Marries Martha because parents approve of him nowc. Mesmeri. Studied historical experiments of hypnosis (many are ludicrous)ii. Mesmer wanted to understand how the way we talk to people in these situations (in pain or hysterical) affects their emotionsiii. Developed theory of Animal magnetism: invisible natural force possessed by certain people thatcould heal painiv. Treatment referred to as “Baquet”1. A tub in Mesmer’s dungeon w/ pieces of iron in tub2. Everyone grabs each other’s shoulder, forming circuit (so that everyone feels affects of the water in the tub)3. Mesmer causes “crisis” by calming ppl and then making them jumpà patients would think they were “hypnotized”4. Mesmer was eventually run out of town and never credited for curing peoplev. Practicing Mesmerism became illegalV. Joseph Breuer (second big influence on Freud)a. Established and reputable in Vienna; in prime of his careerb. Takes Freud under his wing and they write papers together on hysteric patientsi. Anna O.1. Breuer’s patient; had several symptoms of hysterics2. Fainted, couldn’t swallow or speak her native language at times, etc.3. Breuer had to go to Anna’s bedside frequently to the point that his wife became veryangry4. Anna got angry and fired Breuer; she comes back and tells him she’s pregnant w/ his babya. She was ether crazy (pseudocyesis: hysterical pregnancy) or actually pregnantw/ his baby—still unknownb. Breuer quit hystericsc. Bertha Pappenheim/ Anna O’s real namei. She began rescuing Jewish girls from the streets/prostitutionii. SS in power, came to her orphanage, and she and many of the girls committed suicide rather than be capturedVI. Timeline of Freud: 1890-1895a. Freud studies hysteria with Breuerb. Seduction theoryi. Freud notices that sex is a common event in many symptoms of hysteriac. Project for a Scientific Psychologyi. Freud searched for a neurological modelii. Worked with Fliess to find/test cures and theoriesiii. They nearly killed someone so they stoppedd. Frau Emmy and Free associationi. Free association: Freud’s approach with hysteric patients of listening, understanding, andconnecting their stories to what Freud knows to be true about themii. Freud’s discovery of Free association1. Frau Emmy was one of Freud’s first hysteric