PSYC 330: EXAM 3
33 Cards in this Set
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Humanists/Existentalists
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...
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self actualizers: existentialists:
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SA: Maslow, Rogers, Gestalt Psychology (Fritz Perls)
with roots to Husserl (phenomenology) E: Binswager, Boss Laing, May, Kopp with roots with Geidegger
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Phenomenology
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emphasis on how experiences is constructed
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Names in phenomenology
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Husserl and Heidegger
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Maslow Theory
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Hierarchy of Needs, people develop thru levels towards full potential
Focused mainly on the few who became most highly developed rather than majority of ppl
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Hierarcy of Needs: B-Needs: D-Needs:
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aka Motives
Pyramid style: 1. self actualization (B) 2. status and esteem needs (D) 3. love and belonging needs (D) 4. safety needs (security, comfort) (D) 5. Physiological (food, water, shelter) (D) each need must be met before the individual is free to move on to a "higher" need
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Physiological Needs Hypothesis:
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Needs essential to human and animal survival, if unmet, they dominate motivation
food, water, sleep, sex Hyp: individuals with certain needs that have always been satisfied are best equipped to tolerate deprivation of that need; those who have been deprived in the past will react differe…
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prepotent
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needs that are dominant at a particular time
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Safety Needs
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familiarity = safe, children feel threatened when new situation occurs
interpreted some neuroses as attempts to ensure a feeling of safety --> compulsive/obsessive neurotics try to keep life predictable
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Love and Belonging Need
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person seeks love (given and received) and friendship
sex is biggest issue at this stage sexual dissatisfaction = important deficiency need
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Esteem Needs
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need for self-respect and the esteem of others
esteem should be stable and firmly based; should result from our actual abilities and achievements when previous needs are met --> motivation turned to career success
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Being motivation
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once the deficiency needs are (more or less) adequately met, the person functions at a higher level in which the need for self-actualization predominates
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Self-Actualization
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person is no longer motivated by deficiencies; motivation is need to satisfy personal potential
behavioral motivations vary from person to person = idiosyncratic this step was influenced by Carl Jung
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Difference between D-motivation and B-motivation
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lower level needs occur first because they are necessary for survival; cannot be postponed and feel more urgent when unmet
B-Motivation in contrast to D-Motivation: perception is no longer focused (looking for objects to satisfy needs) and can be more passive and receptive B-Love is nonp…
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metamotivated (B-needs)
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people at level of self-actualization
people are motivated by needs at the top of the hierarchy -- beauty, truth, justice
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Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
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Efficient perception of reality
Problem centered Need for privacy (solitude) Independence of culture and environment (autonomy) Freshness of appreciation Peak experiences Human kinship Humility and respect Interpersonal relationships Ethics and values Discrimination between means and end…
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Efficient perception of reality
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ability of SA person to detect fake and dishonesty in personality and to be able to judge people correctly
less likely that others to be misled by their own defense mechanisms, wishes, expectations or stereotypes
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Acceptance
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SA people are accepting of themselves, others and of nature; accept both the bad and the good and are tolerant
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Spontaneity
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SA people behave spontaneously, simply and naturally; derives from being in close touch with their inner impulses
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Problem Centered
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SA people focus on problems outside of themselves; have a sense of social obligation
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Need for privacy (solitude)
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endure sensory deprivation more easily than others; capable of high levels of concentration
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Independence of culture and environment (autonomy)
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SA people do not depend on other people or the world for need satisfaction
SA person is motivated by internal needs and feels more "psychological freedom"
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Freshness of appreciation
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the sense of awe and wonder at life always remains fresh for SA people
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Peak experiences
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personal mystical experiences/states of consciousness that is characterized by most (but not all) SA people
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Human kinship
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SA people feel a sense of kinship with the human race and thus, are not prejudice
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Humility and respect
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SA people are humble, feel they can learn from many different people, are democratic rather than authoritarian, do not insist on maintaining their status over others
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Interpersonal relationships
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SA people have deep relationships with a few people rather than many superficial relationships. Tend to attract admirers.
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Ethics and values
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SA people have strong ethical standards, values emerge from acceptance of human nature
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Discrimination between means and ends
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SA people focus on ends/goals of their efforts while still enjoying pleasures of the means
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Sense of Humor
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SA people do not laugh at other people's expense, nonhostile sense of humor
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Creativity
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present in all people who are SA'ed, isn't limited to artistic creativity; creativity emerges naturally out of other characteristics
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Resistance to enculturation
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SA people do not "adjust" to society at the expense of their own character
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Resolution to Dichotomies
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SA people live as a Eupsychia society - where individual and societal needs are both met; they don't see things in either-or terms
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