149 Cards in this Set
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Spanish civil wars
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Where Almagro was killed
1530's-1540's
1538: Battle of Salinas where Pizarro kills Almagro
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Francisco Pizarro
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Governor of Peru, big player in conquest of Inca Empire
1502 - went on a voyage to colonies starting out as a grunt on a ship
1523-1524 - first trip to Peru
1530's - returns to Peru with 2 backers, Almagro and Priest Luque
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White legend
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Spanish conquered by bringing religion and enlightenment to savages
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Black legend
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Spanish conquered through brute force and the steamroller model of conquest
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3 Goals of Spanish Conquest
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Wealth, souls, social status
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Simon Bolivar
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creole born in Caracas - in 1810 he proclaimed their independence from Spain
1813: Fought for independence with a narrow platform and didn't want to include Indians or slaves
Went into exile in Jamaica, wanted to rethink independence platform
Negotiates support from Petion in exchange…
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Diego de Landa
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Franciscan priest who wanted to create heaven on Earth
Arrived in 1545. Made progress on the Mayans, extirpation of idolatries campaign.
1562: Began torturing campaign when he found Indians were still secretly worshipping their own gods
1571: Returns to Spain and is promoted Bishop Me…
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Toledo Reforms
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1570's: Spain fights back against Era of Resistance
Sent Viceroy Toledo
Encomienda system dies out
Aimed to repress all rebellions
Created mita labor rotation draft and judge court system
Sent Priest Cristobal de Albornoz to continue extirpation of idolatries
Corregidores replaced …
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Palmares
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Largest quilombo
1600-1694
Lived by agriculture and traded with colonists
Leader was called Ganga Zumba
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Quilombos
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fugitive slave communities of 20 to 11,000 people
Significance: these were a form of escape, an expression of protest against the slave society
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Ganga Zumba
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A runaway slave who was the first of the leaders of Quilombo dos Palmares (A major runaway slave city). He became very powerful and respected, and even had a treaty with the Portuguese in Brazil, but ended up being killed by a family member who was upset he allied with the Portuguese.
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Capoeira
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martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from African origins
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Pinheads of Opportunity
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Reduced idea of resistant adaptation on plantation
1. Lighter skinned blacks could work in a mill instead of plantation
2. Had Sundays off
3. Got garden plots
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Napoleon
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Invaded Spain in 1808 and put brother on throne
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Constitution of 1812
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After Napoleon invaded Spain, this was created - if King Ferdinand returned to throne he would be a constitutional monarch with no absolute rule
Indians and mestizos could be representatives but Africans couldn't
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Intendent
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Replaced corregidores
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Cristobal de Albornoz
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* Priest commissioned by Francisco de Toledo to stomp out Taki Onkoy (which was the"dancing sickness," a wave of traditional practice by natives in the 1570s)
*Guaman Poma de Ayala served as his translator
* He is seen in a drawing by Guaman Poma capturing a Taki Onqoy priest
* extirp…
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Petion
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President of Haiti
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San Martin
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creole, independence leader
Fought in Buenos Aires and moved north
Argued with Bolivar in Peru and quit
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juntas
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bodies of governance sanctioned by Spain to rule in the name of Spain until Ferdinand could return to the throne
Usually made up of creoles who enjoyed the protected space they offered to try out self governance
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Cortes de Cadiz
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governing body formed in a corner of Spain after Napoleon invaded and removed Spanish crown in 1808
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Incas
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Qhipu record keepers, lived in Andes mountains.
1490-1530 was height of their empire
Had kurakas, were in Peru
Significance: Challenges steamroller model because of the kurakas structure and footholds
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mita labor draft
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Part of Toledo Reforms
Broke up resistance and standardized community populations
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Era of Uneasy Alliances (Huanca)
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1530's to 1559
Part of the Early Colonial Era
Spanish gained footholds by inserting themselves into existing social structure
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Vilcabamba
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Place where Incas went during the Neo Inca Movement (HQ)
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forasteros
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flight from communities
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution
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Bourbon Reforms
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1760's - sought to reverse Spain's decline in both Europe and colonies
Created position of intendant to replace corregidores
Creoles were removed from court positions and replaced by Spaniards
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kurakas
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political leaders of the Incas, negotiated with Spanish
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taki-onqoy
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Part of the Era of Resistance, dancing sickness. Was an attempt to unify against Spaniards as "Indians"
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Neo Inca Movement
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1530 to 1570
Some Incas resisted and went to Vilcabamba
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Toussaint
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slave rebellion; Haitian revolutionary leader. One of the leaders of a rebellion that emancipated the island's slaves in 1791, he was appointed governor general in 1797 by the revolutionary government of France. In 1802, Napoleon, wishing to restore slavery, took over the island and this …
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kajchea
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smuggling minerals in the mines
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Jose Gabriel Condorconqui
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Tupac Amaru II
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extirpation of idolatries
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Campaign started by de Landa
Tried to eradicate native gods
Part of larger set of Toledo Reforms (1570s)
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qhipu
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System of chords and knots to keep track of numbers and information for the state.
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resistant adaptation
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You cannot throw off a system of oppression but you make small inroads within the system that lead to small gains and do affect the overall colonial project
Examples:
flight from communities (forasteros)
kajcheo
paid people to serve in labor draft for them
had priests declare the…
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tragedy of success
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changed Incas cultural ID, Spanish ways were superior
kurakas gained more prestige by splitting allegiance between Spaniards and Indians
To be successful you had to assimilate and turn your back on Indian people and culture
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corregidores
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Spaniards who replaced kurakas during the Toledo Reforms
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Decree of 1811
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Tried to turn llaneros land into private land and require llaneros to carry ID cards (Bolivar)
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Sonthonax
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Sent to Haiti from France in 1793, offered freedom to slaves who joined his army, abolished slavery.
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magic commodities
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sugar, silver, gold
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Haitian Revolution
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A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
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King Ferdinand
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King of Spain removed from the throne by Napoleon in 1808
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llaneros
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cowboys of the plains, led by Boves
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muleteer
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trader
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Jose Tomas Boves
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Head llanero
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Jose Antonio Paez
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When Bolivar goes to live with llaneros, he made an agreement with this new llanero leader to give the llaneros rank in the army and fight with Bolivar in exchange for their freedom over the plains
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Congress of Angostura
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1819: Place where Bolivar issued a speech that indicated how his views on independence had changed from the beginning of the wars until 1819
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Pedro de Candia
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Greek explorer who served on Pizarro's expeditions. Went on a mini expedition to Cuzco - Pizarro was pissed and he joined Almagro in protest but was later killed by Pizarro's men
1526
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Guaman Poma de Ayala
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Illustrated drawings we saw in class
Quechua speaker who learned Spanish as a child
Wrote a letter to King of Spain between 1600 to 1615 called Nueva Cronica...
Proposed a new direction for governance of Peru
Remained loyal to Spanish king but asked that he place Indian rulers in po…
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Atahuallpa
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leader of Incas killed by the Spanish
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encomienda
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A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
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1500: He claimed Brazil for the Portuguese crown
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Popul Vuh
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a Maya creation myth, taught that the gods had created humans out of maize and water, the ingredients that became human flesh and blood
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NE of Brazil
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produced sugar
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SE of Brazil
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produced coffee
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Diego de Almagro
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Spanish explorer who was partners with Pizarro, backer for voyage to Peru and killed by Pizarro's followers in Spanish Civil Wars
1532
Significance: Shows the greed of conquistadors; Spain had a hard time controlling actions of Spaniards in colonies; Spanish weren't unified which dispro…
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Fray Vincente Valverde
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Came to Peru with Pizarro. He did well in the colonies and became Bishop of Cuzco. He was killed by the native peoples.
~1540
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Bartolome de las Casas
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1502: arrives in Hispanola and granted an encomienda. He was disturbed by the Spanish's bad treatment of the natives.
1515: Gave up encomienda and joined Dominicans becoming the Bishop of Chiapas
Wrote a Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies saying that God would punish Spain
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Era of Resistance
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1560's: resistance movements dominated
Taki Onqoy, Huanca Revolt, Neo Inca Movement are 3 uprisings within this Era
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Late Colonial Era
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1700's: rise of capitalism and the industrial revolution
French Revolution in 1789, Haitian Revolution in 1791
Bourbon Reforms, expulsion of Jesuits, military reforms
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Expulsion of the Jesuits
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part of the Bourbon Reforms
1767
Colonial officials saw them as a rival source of power and wealth
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Military reforms
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1778: Creation of pardo or black militias
Gracias al Sacar in 1795 - wealthy people of color could purchase limited number of white rights
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Tupac Amaru II
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Great Rebellion 1780-1782
Takes place in Andes (Cuzco)
Original name: Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui
Colonial muleteer (trader), Indian noble, Jesuit educated
Wanted to restructure colonial system into a unified colonial population under an Inca king
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2 Factors that made creole population wary of allying with Indians
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Haitian Revolution, Great Rebellion led by Tupac II
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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1494: Divided Spanish America from Portugal America
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Tupi Guarani
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the native civilization in Brazil
Semi nomadic people living in groups of 400-800
No centralized government to negotiate with or form alliances with
No kurakas
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Age of Indian Labor
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1540 - 1600
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aldeas
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Jesuit run villages (circa 1549)
Part of Age of Indian Labor
Jesuits were sent over by Portuguese to strengthen churches presence in Brazil
Within these structures, all native customs were prohibited in exchange for protection from slavery
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Era of African Slavery
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1600 - 1888
Survivors of voyages adapted better than some Indian slaves
More valuable than Indian slaves
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Tupac Amaru
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last full blooded Indian ruler of the Neo Inca Resistance Movement
killed by the Spanish
During Toledo Reforms he is captured and put to death
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Abolition of the Slave Trade (External Factors)
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1.England left slave trade in 1808 and ended slavery in 1838
2. Portugal signed treaty with England to end slave trade in 1810 but broke it in Brazil
1822: Brazil became independent
September 4th 1850 - England shuts down Brazil's slave trade but slave trade continued internally until…
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Abolition of the Slave Trade (Internal Factors)
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Rebellions in Brazil between 1807 and 1835 b/c of awareness of England leaving slave trade and Haiti's freedom
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Males Revolt
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1835: 600 slaves and freedmen dressed in Muslim clothing fought in Salvador (Brazil) for 3 hours, communicated secretly in Arabic
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Luis Gonzaga Pinto de Gama
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1830 - 1882: sold into slavery as a child but grew up on trader's estate and learned to read, became free at 18 and became a policeman, eventually became a lawyer and worked to help slaves obtain their freedom papers (1,000 slaves gained freedom because of him)
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Free Womb Law
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1871: Gradual emancipation, freed children of slave women and kids born after this date could be free at age 8 and owner would get $$ or they could wait to free them until 21
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Eugenics Movement
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Late 1800s, early 1900s
Science claimed it could prove that one race was superior to all others
"Well born"
an alternative way to reinforce racial hierarchy once slavery abolished
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August Weismann
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1834 - 1914: German eugenics scientist who created the germ plasm theory that heredity is fixed and traits are inherited from generation to generation
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Francis Galton
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1822 - 1914: English eugenics scientists who agreed w/Weismann, developed the idea of the germ plasm theory
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Jean Baptiste LaMarck
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1744 - 1829: French eugenics scientist who suggested that environment matters, that later generations can improve themselves
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Neo-LaMarckian eugenics
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Strain of eugenics practiced in Latin America
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When was the Cuban Revolution?
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1959
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Cuban Independence Wars
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1868 - 1898: War commences with grito de yara; reflected close connection between abolition and independence
Fought by multiracial army that was integrated at all levels
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Carlos Manuel de Cespedes
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Creole landowner who set his slaves free and asked them to join him in freeing Cuba
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Discourse of Racelessness
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Insurgents claimed that with the birth of the new Cuba, inhabitants would emerge equal brothers from the struggle
Cubans were a raceless people
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Discourse of Nation
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People could use this to make demands on the state
Deflected Spain's accusations of a race war
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Jesus Perez
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Planters in Cuba hired him to keep slaves from leaving the plantation and joining the independence army; insurgents converted him and he left to join the movement
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Jose Magin
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Slave turned soldier, took a message to rebel camp on a horse, got in trouble for not asking to take the horse, responded that he was a rebel chief and no one could interrupt his journey
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Peace Treaty of Zanjon
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1878 - peace treaty favoring Spain that ended fighting for a time (Spain had succeeded in branding war as a race war)
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Antonio Maceo
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Afro Cuban free black muleteer who became a general in the independence army, used discourse of racelessness to show how it would be impossible for him to lead to a race war
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Protest of Barragua
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Maceo rejected the Treaty of Zanjon and issued this instead, saying he would only accept the peace treaty if Spain granted freedom to all slaves
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La Guerra Chiquita
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1879 - 1880; Part of Cuban Independence Wars
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La Esperanza
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Sugar plantation in eastern Cuba; slaved demanded dismissal of overseer, challenged overseers and owner's authority during Guerra Chiquita
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Colonel Aguilera
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Unable to subdue slaves of La Esperanza
Shows that landowner's authority was in question now
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Peace
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1880-1885; Part of Cuban Independence Wars; many migrations of Spaniards to Cuba at this time, whitening the work force
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Juan Gualberto Gomez
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Afro Cuban intellectual and supporter of racelessness; promoted idea of raceless society; tried to start Afro Cuban Civil Rights Movement
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Jose Marti
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Creole intellectual and supporter of racelessness during Cuban Independence Wars
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Final War for Independence
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1895 - 1898: Part of Cuban Independence Wars; Eastern and Western Cuba rose up to fight; USS Maine exploded
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Platt Amendment
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1902 - 1934: gave US government the right to intervene in Cuba whenever
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1901 Constitution
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Gave Cuban war vets the right to vote
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Does Raimundo represent Neo-LaMarckian eugenics?
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Yes: He gets invited to parties, daughter falls in love with him; he does get an education despite the fact that he's mixed race; treated weirdly - illustrates the ceiling of Neo-LaMarckian eugenics, floor represents the possibilities, between the two is the space in which he must live
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Porfirio Diaz
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In power in Mexico from 1876 - 1910, attempted to modernize Mexico, adhered to strategy of whitening
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Cientificos
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Advisors that helped Diaz run Mexico
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Accomplishments of Diaz
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-Built RR
-Tech improvements in mining
-Courted foreign capital (80% of RR support - US)
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3 Social Sectors that were unhappy with Diaz
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1. Middle class - wanted elections and a more open political system
2. Social/agrarian sector (largest) - labor and land demands
3. Opportunists - knew change was coming and wanted to be on the winning side
Consensus was Diaz had to go
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Francisco Madero
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Argued that Mexico was ready for open elections
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Plan de San Luis Potosi
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Issued in 1910 - a call to take up arms and fight Diaz; begun the Mexican Revolution
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Pancho Villa
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Ex cattle rustler from the North of MX who mobilized an army made up of small ranchers, unemployed workers, and cowboys
Wanted jobs and labor rights
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Emiliano Zapata
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From the south of MX; fought for land that was being taken away to make RR; army called Zapatistas
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Plan de Ayala
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Issued in November 1911 by Zapata: said if Madero made land reform a priority, would fight with him
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Victoriano Huerta
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Madero's military chief who killed him
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Venustiano Carranza
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President in 1914 following Huerta
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MX Constitution of 1917
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Written by Carranza; Article 27 championed land reform, 123 - labor rights
Goals of the revolution were now part of the constitution
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Lazaro Cardenas
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1930s; obscure army officer who was a child fighter in the MX revolution; populist figure
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Populism
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- government protected national industry
- state led industrialization
- social programs
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Mestizaje
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Race mixing = national ideal
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PRI
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Institutionalized revolutionary party that Cardenas belonged to
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PEMEX
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Nationalized oil industry
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Ejido system
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Communal lands
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El Dedazo
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Created by the PRI, leaders would select the next candidate
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Tlateloco Massacre
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1968 in MX; student protested MX's outward turn to bid for Olympics
Bankruptcy of the PRI that had to rely on force indicated that govt no longer responded to its constituency
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Neoliberalism
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Imposed in part due to Mexican Debt Crisis (1982) and 1985 EQ; caused no more populist programs, reduced restriction on foreign trade, slashed social spending, shock policies to stabilize economy
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Cuauhtemoc Cardenas
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Led a breakaway faction from the PRI, the FDN
Symbolic that there is a Cardenas running but not with the PRI
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NAFTA Signing
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1994: uprising led by Zapatistas protesting the undemocratic nature of MX politics, neoliberalism
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Favelas
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Squatter towns in Brazil that began to characterize urban centers; basic infrastructure had to be demanded and built up: sewer systems, electricity, and land titles are all gained through struggle and pressure on govt
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Social disorganization and breakdown
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Common view in 1950's characterized by high unemployment, poverty rates, lack of hope; world was cold, anonymous, uncaring
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Urban mobilization
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Out of great need the urban poor answer with great creativity, creating informal credit groups, soup kitchens; first generation would work hard but later generations would do better; popular view 1960's - 1970's
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Audalio Dantas
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Journalist who discovered Carolina and published her diary in the newspaper
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Reform or Revolution
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1940's to 1970's Latin America characterized by the need for change, this was the phrase
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Getulio Vargas
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Head of Brazil from 1930 - 1945, 1950 - 1954; conservative populist from geographical periphery; believed Brazil could modernize rapidly through industrialization and social engineering
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First Republic
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Created by Vargas, broke with elite style of politics (1889 - 1930)
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Estado Novo
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Vargas's political project 1930 - 1945 that transformed Brazil and opened it to the outside world; created a new road system; moved away from the white ideal, extended vote to women, introduced idea of racial hierarchy; diversified Brazil's economy, progressive labor code
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Liberal Alliance Coalition
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Vargas's political party that focused on industrial workers and the need to extend gov'ts presence in the interior
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Volta Redonda
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Industrial city created by Vargas to produce steel
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Good Neighbor Policy
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US adopts this policy and intervenes less directly in Latin America
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Cold War
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1946 - 1991
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US Containment Policy
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1946: Spread of communism will not be allowed
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Sandinista Revolution
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1979 in Nicaragua
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Los catorce
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Land owning oligarchy who took majority of land for coffee in El Salvador
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Pio Romero Bosque
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1927 - moderate president who tried to open political system in El Salvador, refused to designate successor
Oligarchs had him removed and set up structures to protect their economic fortunes even more from any elected official
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Arturo Araujo
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1931: President of El Salvador who was overthrown by his VP
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Farabundo Marti
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Member of socialist party who worked in NYC against US involvement in Latin Am; brutally repressed the people in La Matanza
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La Matanza
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Massacre led by Farabundo Marti that killed 30,000 El Salvadorans
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Jose Napoleon Duarte
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Won 1972 election in El Salvador but fraud so bad his opponent Molina was declared victor
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ORDEN
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El Salvadoran army established this death squad
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FMLN
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Liberation Army Farabundo Marti - wanted to see change
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Roberto D'Aubuisson
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Major in Salvadoran military who founded ARENA and led the party from 1980 - 1985; leader of the death squads who killed Romero
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Salvadoran Civil War
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1980 - 1992
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Final Study Guide