GEOL 111 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures 2-9Lecture 2 (January 28)- Earth’s magnetosphere: magnetic field that acts as a shield against the solar wind that is made of electrically charged particleso Earth’s magnetic field behaves like a dipole magnet and the magnetic pole has periodically switched from North to South (magnetic pole reversals) directly aligned at the poles and parallel at the equator - Hypsometric Curve – shows that two principal zones account for most of the Earth’s surface: 1) the continents + shelf areas and 2) the ocean floor o The flat part of the curve = approximately the current sea level,  A slight change in sea level (for instance from global warming melting glaciers) would flood much of the land. - Lithosphere: crust + upper mantle; rigid outer layer (solid and rigid)- Asthenosphere: weak 2nd layer below lithosphere (solid and mobile)- Compositions of rocks:o Mafic = Magnesium + ferric iron - dense, dark, high Temperatureo Sialic = Silica and Aluminum – less dense, light, lower Temperatureo Felsic = Feldspar + Silica (silica is usually as Quartz)- Basic subdivisions of the Earth (core-mantle (mesosphere)-crust-lithosphere-asthenosphere) o- scientific theory: A well supported and well tested hypothesis or set of hypotheses o Relates to observations and data collection because you can make accurate predictions based of what can be seen and respects rules of evidence - Hypothesis: A testable statement accounting for a set of observations (about the natural world) o Relates to observations and data collection because it is an idea of what is happening and gives the experimenter an idea of what to test for - Construct: A non-testable statement to account for a set of observations- Relates to observations and data collection because it is a statement of what is seen in andexperiment - Types of plate boundaries:o Divergent Plate boundaries: plates that are pulling apart from each other creating new oceanic crust and dikeso Convergent plate Boundaries: Plates that collide into each other forming mountainranges, deep ocean trenches, subduction zone, and volcanic arcs and hot spotso Transform Plate Boundaries: plates that slide past each other causing earthquakes- Chapter 3 – Matter and Minerals - and class- What’s in an atomic nucleus? (p+, e-, no)o In the nucleus: protons and neutronso Outside the nucleus (valence shell): electrons - Define: o Ion: an electrically unbalanced form of atoms (either gained or lost an electron) Cations and Anionso Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom (defines the element)o Atomic Mass: The total number of protons and neutrons o Isotopes: Elements with differing atomic mass but the same atomic number (samenumber of protons, but different numbers of neutrons) - Types of chemical bonds:o Ionic Bonds: one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another (completing outer shell) Properties (list 4 for test):- Non-directional, high symmetry, poor conductor, soluble in polar solvents. Moderate hardness, moderate specific gravity, high melting temp. , high boiling tempo Covalent Bonds: Sharing of valence electrons to acquire stable shells (forming a noble gas arrangement which is the most stable) Properties (list 4 for test):- Highly directional, low symmetry, Very hard, Variable specific gravity, very high melting temp. , very high boiling temp. , non- conductors, insoluble o Metallic Bonds: a less common type of covalent bonding where all electrons are shared Properties:- Low melting temp. , malleable, no symmetry, high conductor of electricity - Draw the SiO4 tetrahedron and give the overall charge. (class; Section 1.8, and Figs. 3.23, 3.24 in 12th)o Overall charge: negative o-- Draw a version of the Rock Cycle:o - Minerals- Types of mineral properties:o Hardness: a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratchingo Coloro Habit: common or characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals o Luster: appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral o Fracture: minerals with chemical bonds that are equal or nearly equally strong in all directionso Cleavage: tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding o Streak: a color of a mineral in powder formo Specific gravity: a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water - Mineral – naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with characteristic internal structure and fixed chemical composition and physical properties- Draw a diagram showing the geothermal gradient plotted against Pressure and Temperature:o- Ways magma can be generated:o Pressure releaseo Volatile addition (H20)o Heat transfer- Use that diagram (geothermal gradient) to show three ways in which a magma (melt) canbe generated.o Pressure release= *↑o Volatile addition= ∆o Heat transfer= *- Know four ways by which magma can ascend through the mantle and/or crusto Magma pressureo Gas pressureo Tectonic stresso Density differences - Chapter 4 – Igneous Rocks- Know and DRAW Bowen’s reaction series (class sheet and Fig. 4.20)o Know: minerals, relative temperatures and SiO2 content, elements involved in mineral compositions (Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Al, Si, etc.) for both the discontinuous and continuous series (NOT the mineral formulae – just the basics)- Bowen’s Reaction Series is an example of a Petrogenetic Process called “Fractional Crystallization”o Other Petrogenetic Processes include:  Magma Mixing,- Assimilation, - Partial Melting- -- List and explain briefly four important concepts that Bowen contributed to our understanding of cooling and crystallization of magmas. o 1) minerals crystallize from magmas: as magma cools elements begin to combine forming minerals o 2) under specific conditions: such as heat, pressure, and time to cool giving geologist an idea of the conditions in a volcano o 3) in a specific order: follows Bowne reaction series with Olivine being produced first because it has the highest cooling temperatureo 4) causing the magma composition to change: As minerals begin to form there are less elements present in the magma which limits what minerals can from o 5) producing a wide range of igneous rocks: different rocks form as the magma slowly continues to cool o 6) which helps us understand types of eruptions – and volcanoes: composition of the rocks describes the