SOC 101: Exam 3
63 Cards in this Set
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Social Startification
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The structuring inequalities among individuals and groups of society, in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards.
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Social Structures
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Social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure
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Slavery
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An extreme form of inequality in which some individuals are literally owned as other's properties
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Caste
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A social system in which ones status is given for life; social life is segregated; intimated relationships are restricted to members within ones caste
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Class Systems
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A system of social hierarchy that allows individuals that allows individuals movement between classes
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Four chief bases of class
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ownership of wealth, occupation, income, and education`
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A class
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a large scaling group of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead
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Income
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refers to the wages and salaries earned from paid occupations plus money received from investments
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Life Chances
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A person's opportunities for achieving economic prosperity
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Wealth
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the assets that an individual owns, such as cash, savings, checking accounts and investments in stocks, bonds, and real estate;
Unequal distribution across class groups; racial divisions persist
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Hunting and Gathering societies
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Oldest, close to disappearing; Few material possessions; Humans lives in the society for the longest time
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Pastoral and Agrarian societies
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Second oldest; more inequality and competition
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Pastoral
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tending of domesticated animals
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Agrarian
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cultivation of crops
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Traditional
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third oldest; great inequalities of power and wealth
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Industrialized societies
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Destroyed the forms of society that dominated prior periods
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Social Role
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Set of socially defined expectations of behavior associated with a given status or social position
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Social Group
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A collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations about; Ex: Your roomate and yourself or your sociology class
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Social Aggregate
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A simple collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact with one another; Ex: people waiting for a bus, strolling on the beach or walking a crowd
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Social Category
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People who share a common characteristic but not necessarily interact or identify with one another; gender or employment
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Karl Marx
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Class is based on relationship to the means of production; believed wages of working class would never rise far above subsistence level, while wealth would pile up for those who own capital
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Structured inequalities
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social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure; can relate to gender, class and race; lower income neighborhoods=lower education
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Global Culture
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the economy is more global with technology; Global culture and global inequality are increasing
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Nonverbal communication
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Communication between individuals based on facial expression or bodily gesture rather than language
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Civil Inattention
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Acknowledgement of strangers in our environment; named by Goffman; Ex: walking down the street, making eye contact with someone and quickly looking down
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Socialization
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Lifelong process through which people acquire norms and values and develop a sense of self
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Social reproduction
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Passage of norms, values, and social practices from one generation to another through socialization
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Primary Socialization
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socialization from infancy to early childhood; Ex: Family
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Secondary socialization
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Socialization from early childhood through adult life; Ex: peers, social network and media
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Agents of socialization
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Groups or social contexts within processes of socialization take place
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Agents of socialization
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-Family
-Schools
-Peer relationships
-The mass media
-Work
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Social facts
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According to Emile Durkhiem, the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals
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Social idenity
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The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others; labels; Ex: woman who is also a mother
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Self Idenity
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Ongoing process of self development and definition of our personal identify through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us; How you interpret the labels projected on you
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Cultural Relativism
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Judging other cultures by that cultures own standards to understand them better
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging other cultures through the lens of ones own culture; can lead to misrepresentations and unfair judgements
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College admission process
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has undergone a lot of change since it first came about; used to be based more off looks, now is more of testing results and grades
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Interactional Vandalism
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When a person of lower status breaks rules of everyday social interaction that are of value to the more powerful
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Childhood
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Societies now are more child centered than traditional ones because of the ling period of childhood that has been developed over the past 2 or 3 centuries
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Stanley Milgrim Study
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Power dynamics doing what we told by authority; basic understanding and conclusions; How that is reflected in norms and values, right vs. wrong
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George Herbert Mead
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-Social Self
-Self Consciousness
-Generalized other
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Social Self
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Me, unsocial self
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Self Consciousness
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I, interpreting your existence in relationship to others
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Generalized other
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Complex, realizing others have feeling, putting yourself in others shoes
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Cultural Universals
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Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures;
-Grammatically complex language
-Family systems and marriage
-Incest prohibition
-Art, dancing, and body adornments
-Games, gift givning and joking
-Hygiene
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Social Control
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When a person fails to conform
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Informal social control consquences
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gossiping, labels
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Formal Social Control consquences
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Laws, parking tickets, imprisonment
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Values
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Abstract ideas about right and wrong; basis of norms
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Culture
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Made up of values and social norms
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Social norms
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the rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society; standards of behavior
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Not cheating on a test is a...
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norm
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Jean Piaget
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stages in childhoos
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Sensorimotor Stage
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birth to age 2; touch= child's sense of awareness of its environment
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Pre-operational Stage
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2-7; language= child has advanced to master basic modes of logical thoughts
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Concrete operational
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7-11; thinking of others= child's thinking is bases on physical perception of the world; child is not yet capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situation
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Formal operational
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11-11; child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situation
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Subcultures
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Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a groups within a wider society; Ex: not all Mexicans are alike, cubans different than mexicans
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Pierre Bourideu
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Studied the importance of family background to social status but also on cultural advantages that parents can provide to their children; He says you can gain entry into a higher class but you are always a representation of the class you are born into
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How do most americans see themselves?
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Middle class
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Current explanations around the racial inequalities around the racial inequalities in wealth
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-Housing discrimination policies
-Latino and black
-Employment policies
-Education restrictions
-Isolates minorites
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Market Orientated Theories
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1960s; Became popular with JFK; People or countries that are impoverished have not developed because they haven't adopted western ideals
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Leader
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Person who is able to influence group dynamics, decisions, behaviors, etc.
creates socialization
evolution: fire, wheel, irrigation, steam engines, electricity, etc lead to industrial goods lead to capitalization lead to two class (working/owners)
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SOC 101: Exam 2