SOC 101: Exam 2
99 Cards in this Set
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Social Structures and Social Institutions
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-social framework that directs and limits our behavior
-social facts
-social location
-culture, class, status, roles, groups
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Social location
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-Offers both opportunities and limitations
-where one stands in a society is a very important aspect in being afforded certain opportunities others do not have
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Macrosociology
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-Functionalists and conflict theorists focus on the actions of larger entities and how they affect the individual
-In conflict theory-Bourgeois v. Pro and how they interact
-In functionalism-how these things work together to form a functioning society FOCUS ON SOCIAL STRUCTURES
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Microsociology
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-focuses on SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
-Primary focus of symbolic interactions
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Examples of social structures shaping individual behavior:
Zimbardo "Quiet Rage"
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-Showed that prisoners and guards took on the persona of the part they were playing and acted accordingly
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Examples of social structures in shaping individual behavior:
Edin & Kefalas "Promises I Can Keep"
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-Why poor teens have babies, Impoverished mothers viewed it as a way to prove their worth in a sense by being a good mother
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Saints and Roughnecks
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-Two groups of high school boys
-Saints, 8 white middle class boys for Seattle, were most misbehaved, parents were unaware of their delinquency, lied to get out of school, stopped by the cops once but got out of it, did well in school
Roughnecks, white boys from poor families, always in…
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Saints and Roughnecks (Conclusion)
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-Different class background leads to different expectations
-How they were able to engage in delinquency behavior (cars)
-Showed importance of social location
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Status
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-Position that a person occupies in society
-Define who and what we are in relation to other people
-Could include being a mother, father, professor, student etc
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Status set
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-Refers to all the statuses and positions a person occupies
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Master status
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-Cuts across all other statuses
-Can be ascribed or achieved
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Sex or Gender
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-We will always carry male/female status
-example, female body builders don't look like women and must strive to maintain their master status as a women
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Achieved status
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-Involuntary
-ex, athlete, their, student, something you can choose to be/control)
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Ascribed status
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-Involuntary
-ex, race, teenager, something that we cannot choose to be/control
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Status inconsistency
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-Mismatch of statuses
-Transgender-conflict between gender identity and bio sex
-How one should act
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Roles (play a role)
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-Behavior, obligation and privileges for a certain status
-people OCCUPY a status
-people PLAY a role
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Role conflict
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What is expected of us in one status in incompatible with what is expected of us in another status
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Role Strain
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-Conflicts that someone feels within a role
-A good manager can't be too friendly but not too authoritative
-Different demands of status conflict with each other
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Role exit
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Disengaging from roles one had a different status
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Gemeinschaft (text)
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A type of society in which life is intimate. A community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
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Gesellschaft (text)
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-A type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishment, and self-interest
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Sterotypes
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-Our assumptions of what people are like
-Can be based on race, sex, etc
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Goffman-dramaturgy
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-developed dramaturgy ( analyzing everyday life in terms of stage
--Life is a stage and we play a role both on stage (public) and backstage (private)
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Ethnomethodology
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The study of how people use commonsense understanding to make sense of the world
-uses background assumptions-your ideas about the way of life and how things ought to work out
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Social construction of reality
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-The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real
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Total institutions
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Prisons, convents, mental hospital, military
-Everything is in the same place and same authority
-The group is a single unit
-Activities highly scheduled and determined by the rules
-A single, rational plan exists to fulfill goals of the institution
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Functionalismand social institutions, functional requisites
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-Functionalists say conflict theorists disagree on social institutions
-Functionalists say social institutions are positive and exist to meet basic needs
-Identify 5 functional requisites (basic needs) that each society must meet if it is to survive
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Replace members--have kids, recruit new members
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-The family gives the newcomer a sense of belonging by providing a lineage, an account of how one is related to others
-Socialize new members, teaching the norms of the group to new members
-Produce and distribute goods./services, every society must produce and distribute basic resources
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Preserve order
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-Societies face 2 threats, potential for chaos (internal) and possibility of attack (external)
-Societies must protect themselves from this they develop certain ways to police themselves
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Preserve a sense of purpose (society)
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-Incentive for people to sacrifice self interest
-ex, religion providing purpose by answering questions
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Conflict theorists and social institutions
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-say they are negative and perpetuate inequality
-meant to maintain status
-how social institutions produce male advantage and female inequality
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How inequality is reproduced on a macro level
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-institutions preserve privilege
-believe that social institutions favor the upper class and help them maintain their status
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Film: Jesus Camp (functionalist perspective)
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-Gives members a sense of belonging, uses religion to answer moral, ethical, and existential questions
-provides them with a lineage, provides many generations of followers
-Socialize new members, teaches children the norms and beliefs of the religion
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Film: Jesus Camp (conflict theorist views)
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The camp is a breeding ground of negativity and keeps the followers oppressed under the authority of their deity
-The power is maintained by the group leaders via their God and their goals are indoctrinate the children and keep them in their current
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Deviance
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-Any violation of norms
-The violation of norms is based on other people's reactions to these violations
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Crime
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-Specific forms of deviance
-The violation of rules that have been written into law
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Stigma, Erving Goffman
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-Blemishes that discredit one's claim to non-deviant attitude
-Goffman said stigmas are characteristics that discredit people
-could include violation of norms of appearance or of ability
-could become a persons master status
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Physical Stigma
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-Having scars, being obese, anorexia
-example of relativity of stigmas, In models its good to be anorexic but to other people its a dangerous disease
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Personal Stigma
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-mental illness
-addiction
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Tribal Stigma
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-Traits which deviate from social norms
-are NOT static (always changing)
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degradation ceremony (Harold Garfinkel)
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-Garfinkel coined the term, an extreme form of shaming, could result in moral outcast or removal from a group
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Symbolic Interactionists(3 main theories)
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-In terms of how group and membership affect individual behavior
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Differential association theory (symbolic interactionists)
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-people deviate or conform based on groups
-based on groups deviation is learned
-group association do not determine individual behavior but association do teach deviation
-difficult to get causality
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Social Control Theory (symbolic interactionalists)
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-social bonds (attachment, commitment)
-if people have a stake in society they won't deviate
-people conform because inner controls (conscience) and outer controls (people in one's life)
-4 types of bonds
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4 types of bonds (Social Control Theory)
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-Feelings of attachment
-sense of commitment
-sense of involvement
-belief that deviant behavior is wrong in a group
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Labeling Theory (Symbolic Interactionalists)
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-labeling a person deviant makes them more likely to be deviant
-process: initial criminal act, creation of new public identity, acceptance of label
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Deviant Amplification
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-identity therefore transformed by label
-"I might as well be a criminal if I already have the label"
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Techniques of Neutralization (resistance to labeling)
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-Denial of responsibility (it wasn't me)
-Denial of injury-no one got hurt
-Denial of victim-they deserved it
-condemnations of condemners-who are you to judge me?
-appeal to loyalty-I was sticking up for my friend
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Functions and dysfunction of deviance
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ociety works together for order and stability
-believe crime and deviance is natural and serves a function
-crime is good it clarifies what is and what is not allowed
-deviance can promote social change when enough people deviate
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Robert Merton
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-founded Strain Theory
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Strain Theory
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-means of achieving goals
going to school, getting job, saving money
-not everyone has access to these means
-means are stratified
-when a society cannot provide these means crime and deviance increase
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Anomie
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-sense of normlessness
-when main stream norms seem illegitimate/fruitless
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Response to Strain Theory
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-Conformity-accept cultural goals and legitimate means
-Innovation-accept goals and reject traditional means
-Ritualism-give up on cultural goals but don't rebel
-Retreatism-do not accept goals and reject legitimate means
-Rebellion-reject and substitute
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Conflict Theory
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Power plays main role in defining and punishing deviants
-law is an instrument of oppression
-CJS dedicates it times policing the poor
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Death penalty and bias
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-there is a greater amount of poor uneducated people than upper class in prison
-almost no women sentenced to death (gender bias)
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Medicalizationof deviance
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-deviance is viewed as a mental illness
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Film: Girlhood
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-differential association theory-they are associated with deviant people and cause them to participate in deviant
-Social Control Theory-once they feel they are given decisions and a say they begin to conform
-Labeling theory- once they were given a label deviant they continued to engag…
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Gender
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-social characteristic, culturally learned behavior and expectations
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Sex
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Biological difference between men and women
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Nature v. Nurture
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-In this case refers to whether differences in the behaviors of males and females are caused by biological or cultural characteristics
-Most socio's choose nurture
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Gender Socialization
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-what you need to do as a male or female
-teaching gender and enforcing it
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Gender inequality
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-men make more money than women
-most women stop working to have kids
-"women don't need high paying jobs they have husbands"
-keep women out of positions of power
-discrimination
-promotion opportunities are dominated by men
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Maternal wall
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-women with children face bias
-mothers wages stop rising
-strongest form of gender bias
-people link motherhood to incompetence
-we can't promote her she's going to have kids
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Glass escalator
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-Christine Williams
-men who work "women jobs" are paid more and get promoted more
-men ride the glass elevator to the top
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Double Jeopardy
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-women of color face this
-challenge of being a minority and female
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Bechdel test
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-a litmus test assessing the presence of women in moved
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Women as minority group
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-women classified as a minority groups because the term minority group applies to people who are discriminated against on the basis of physical or cultural characteristics regardless of their numbers
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Sex typing of work
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-The association that societies associate certain activities with one sex or another
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Global discrimination against women
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-greater prestige is given to male activities regardless of the activity
-gap in education-women less educated
-gap in politics-less women in politics
-gap in pay-women paid less
-violence against women-many customs and patterns include violence against women
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Feminism
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-The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal, organized activities on behalf of this principle
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Film: Miss Representation
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-gender socialization of politics/ambitious positions
-stereotype women in Hollywood roles
-reality TV stereotypes of women not liking each other
-media bias of women in politics
-skew women's words to make them look moody and irrational
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Race as a social construction
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-not really based on biological difference
-depends on social context
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Race categorization
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-arbitrary, height, skin color
-categorization of name of race is relative and arbitrary
-someone who is tall compared to one person may not be considered tall when compared to another person, same concept of arbitrariness of race
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Race as social fact
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-Race is independent of objective reality
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Race: myth and reality
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race and its physical characts that separate people from each other is reality
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Myth of pure races
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-there is such a mixture of characts theres no such thing as "pure" races
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Myth of Fixed number of races
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-the term race is so arbitrary there is no clear definition or number of how many races there are
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Myth of racial superiority
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-the term race is again so arbitrary that its impossible to deem one particular race superior to another because there is no concrete definition for race
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Ethnic groups
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-Refer to the cultural characteristics of a group rather than the biological
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Ethnic work
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-activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an ethnic or racial identity,
-the way people construct their ethnicity
-language, clothing, holidays
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History of whiteness, Italian miners
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-Labor laws began limiting work hours, led to decrease in pay for miners
-went on strike, elites tried to drive racial barrier between Italian and Mexicans
-began to say that they would be "considered Mexican if they strike"
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Tim Wise, conflict perspective on race
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-His view on race is based on conflict
-the elites began giving Italians and other immigrants certain perks so they wouldn't rebel
-Civil War, Convince Euro immigrants to fight so we can keep slavery and cheap labor
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Jay Smooth, dental hygiene perspective on talking about race
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-Race was designed to not make sense and rationalize oppressive actions
-we aren't perfect people when it comes to dealing with race
-we need to use the dental hygiene approach, we clean our teeth the same way we practice by cleaning ourselves of racial prejudice
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Discrimination
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-is an action of unfair treatment against someone
-can be based on age, sex, religion, religion, race
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Prejudice
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-another human being based on an outside factor
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Internalizing dominant norms
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-people of a group can learn to be prejudice against their own group
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William Julius Wilson, race or class?
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-said that class has begun to trump race
-theres a browning divide between poor and middle class AA
-class is more important than race when it comes to AA
-economic inequality is greater and studies show that race is still pivotal
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Henry Louis Gates
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-Harvard professor and globally famous race scholar
-was locked out of his home and tried to break in, white neighbor called the police and was arrested for being loud and disorderly in his own home, even though he was privileged he was still arrested because he was black
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2 reasons for systematic racism
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individual acts of racism
-structural/institutional, when institutions can impose oppressive behavior, racism is built into the social structure of society
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Contact theory
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-prejudice decreases and relations improve when individuals of different racial-ethnic backgrounds of equal status interact frequently
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Positive prejudice
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-functional and creates an in group solidarity
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Dysfunctional prejudice
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-is responsible for destroying human relationships
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Conflict Theory Split Labor Market
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-elites use divide in labor based on arbitrary characts such as race and gender to keep the workers divided and unable to rebel against the elite upper class
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Selective Perception
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-Labels lead us to see certain things that others may be blind to
-these labels become self-fulfilling
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Genocide
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-A dominant group tries to destroy a minority group
-The systematic destruction of a race or group
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Internal colonialism
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-The dominant group exploits the minority group
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Invisible/Cultural privilege
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-many white people are afforded privileges that other races are denied
-they are given the benefit of the doubt and their actions are generally viewed objectively instead of in the scope of race
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Latinos
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-are discriminated against and conflict theorists would say that they are in competition with AA
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African Americans
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-media underrepresentation of non-whites, media stereotypes of nonwhites
-Black women portrayed as wild animals
-Asian women portrayed as passive
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SOC 101: Exam 2